Nursing care for a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis: a case study

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetic ketoacidosis is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis. It is considered a medical emergency due to the risk of electrolyte imbalances, hemodynamic compromise, and organ failure if not treated promptly. Objectives: To design a nursing care plan focused on clinical stabilization, glycemic control, correction of electrolyte imbalances, and prevention of complications in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis. Case description: A 52-year-old male patient with a history of type 2 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was admitted to the emergency department with polydipsia, polyuria, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and generalized weakness. Physical examination revealed dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, moderate dehydration, Kussmaul breathing, and ketotic breath. Laboratory tests showed severe hyperglycemia, positive ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis, confirming the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis. Management was initiated with intravenous hydration, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacement, with a favorable clinical course. Conclusion: Comprehensive and timely management of diabetic ketoacidosis reduces the risk of complications and mortality. Nursing care is essential in monitoring, treatment administration, and patient education to strengthen therapeutic adherence and self-care.