The journal "Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria" from the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the University of Pamplona has been published since 2004. With the fundamental purpose of disseminating information and original works that enrich understanding in all areas related to agricultural sciences, CYTA serves as an essential platform for the scientific dissemination of research conducted within the faculty and for those interested in promoting relevant topics in this field. This journal, published semiannually, covers a wide range of topics and serves as a meeting space for researchers, professionals, and academics at both national and international levels. Based at the University of Pamplona, CYTA promotes the exchange of knowledge and experiences, thus contributing to the advancement of agricultural science and technology globally. Indexing: Latindex, Publindex, Dialnet, Google Schoolar, others. Frequency: Semiannually. ISSN: 1900-0863.
Bioethics in the agricultural sector, a managerial commitment towards sustainability
Biological collections are veritable treasures of information that provide an invaluable historical perspective on biodiversity. These collections play an important role in various fields, both in research from taxonomy and ecology to the conservation of biodiversity. Thanks to biological collections, it is possible to find a source of historical record where covers the distribution and composition of different species over the years, in addition, by preserving these specimens, researchers can compare biological diversity at different times, which makes it possible to detect changes and/or loss of genetic diversity. To this end, a research was carried out with a descriptive non-experimental field design in 120 hectares of the María Lucia Metropolitan Park of the University Corporation of Meta. The biological collection of lepidoptera, being an important component in ecosystems, provides valuable information on biodiversity, climate effects and anthropogenic impacts. On the other hand, these biological collections play a crucial role in terms of education and scientific dissemination, so that in academic institutions they are not simply stores of specimens, living repositories that document the rich diversity of a specific region. The collections foster a greater understanding and appreciation of nature, in a world where biodiversity is threatened, these riches of information not only store the past but also guide the future of environmental conservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rubén Darío Boscán Sánchez, Hebandreyna González García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Diversification and its economic impact on dual-purpose livestock farming
Diversification is emerging as a strategy to improve the economic performance and resilience of dual-purpose livestock systems in the Venezuelan lowland tropics, particularly under constraining edaphic conditions; this study assesses its economic impact and examines its linkage with agroecological grazing technologies and value addition. A comparative financial analysis was conducted between two farms: (i) a conventional system on fertile soils (587 ha; 1.5 animal units per hectare, AU/ha) and (ii) a diversified system on less fertile soils (282 ha; 0.5 AU/ha). Under harmonized assumptions (initial investment US$56,077, interest rate 13%, live-weight price US$2/kg, Murrah breed, equivalent mortality and calving rates), we estimated net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), benefit–cost ratio (B/C), and payback period (PBP), complemented by a recent narrative review on diversification, rational grazing, and sustainability. The conventional system displayed high early profitability (e.g., IRR 66–77%; B/C 2.07–2.18), whereas the diversified farm exhibited higher B/C values (2.49–2.62) and sustained NPV growth that approached the conventional system over the assessment horizon despite edaphic constraints; dairy processing into cheeses and grazing management emerged as key performance levers. Overall, the findings indicate that diversification can offset agroecological limitations and achieve profitability comparable to the conventional system without lengthening the PBP; however, external validity is limited by the small sample size and the absence of sensitivity analysis and per-hectare/AU-normalized metrics. Future work should incorporate replicated designs, product-line–disaggregated cash flows, and explicit risk assessment.
Artículos de investigación originales (Scientific Articles)
Copyright (c) 2025 Carlos Alberto Calles-Navas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biological collection of lepidopterans from the Maria Lucía Metropolitan Park of the Meta University Corporation, Villavicencio, Colombia
Copyright (c) 2025 Joan Sebastian Gracia Rojas, Tatiana Navarro Tamayo, Luz Dary Pedraza Hernández, Hebandreyna González García, Lina Fernanda Mojica Sánchez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Plastic, characteristics and main impacts. Its use in agriculture, recommendations for its management
The influence of plastic and its presence in society and ecosystems is so significant that the current era in which we live has been referred to as “the era of plastic,” or, as some authors call it, the Plasticene. Its large-scale commercialization dates back to the second half of the last century, and over time, its production and use have increased, reaching an estimated 367 million tons in 2020. However, recycling rates are very low, and the lack of regulations—or, in the best case, their poor enforcement—has led to plastic being considered an emerging pollutant, drawing the attention of the scientific community. The incineration of plastics generates air pollution and increases the concentration of greenhouse gases. It has been proposed that by 2050, plastics could emit 56 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for as much as 14% of the Earth's remaining carbon budget. Microplastics and nanoplastics enter various forms of life, affecting all ecosystems, and they also serve as transport vehicles for other pollutants. Agriculture, and particularly the horticultural industry, has become a major consumer of plastics in different forms, which are used in all phases of cultivation, reaching a consumption of 2,250,000 tons per year. Due to the rapid increase in plastic pollution across different environmental matrices, it will be necessary, in the near future, to develop proposals based on technologies for reducing plastic materials in various productive sectors. The goal is to foster a cultural shift among consumers toward generating change and revolutionizing the concept of "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle to one of "Reject, Adapt, and Demand.
Copyright (c) 2025 Carmen Rosa Betancourt https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Study of agribusiness and its relationship with the economic development of the Chone canton in the 20th century
Promoting competitiveness and agro-industrial innovation in the canton of Chone - Manabí, influences the growth and socio-economic development of small and large companies that respond to the local demand for goods and services. Therefore, it is essential that the Ecuadorian State reinforces public policies that involve determining factors in the change of the national productive matrix; and the allocation of resources to consolidate the systems of research, science and innovation, agricultural education, infrastructure, promotion, inspection of safety in industrial processes and food safety. This work seeks to rerelate agribusiness and its development in the economy of Chone through a documentary and testimonial analysis to project it diachronically in the regional context, for which a bibliographic review was used that is circumscribed in documentary research supported by the systematic review of bibliographic documents and archives. interviews with key informants on the different stages of agribusiness in the Chone canton, research surveys with agro-industry owners or their descendants that seek to impact the social economy of the local sector and at the national level. Based on this analysis, the research concludes that innovation in the agro-industrial sector of the Chone canton is a determining factor to increase the productivity and competitiveness of micro-enterprises in the locality and therefore in the country, emphasizing that in the micro-region there is a precariousness of the agro-industrial sector caused by local factors and also by global currents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Silvia Monserrate Hidalgo Reyes, Lila Magaly Avellán Avellán https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Characterization of the marketing of meat in Barranquilla-Colombia through multivariate analysis
This research addresses the problem of sanitary conditions affecting the innocuousness of meats distributed and marketed in Barranquilla. descriptive observational study sought to characterize the marketing of meat in Barranquilla through multivariate analyses; methodology was to assign data collection routes, based on information obtained from the population (meat traders who enter Barranquilla from different ports in the department of Atlantico) through questionary, subjected to the number of units obtained in sampling. Results indicated that most traders do not meet minimum health requirements, nor do they have food conservation and refrigeration infrastructure or equipment; therefore, proper cooling conditions need to be ensured during transport and distribution to their final destination. In addition, health training should be promoted to food handlers, in order to ensure the safety and quality of food.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nuris Morales Pinto, Lourdes Isabel Meriño Stand, Roberto Herrera Acosta, Eliecer Rafael Preciado Morales, Genisberto Barreto Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of physico-chemical characteristics of soils from the María Lucía Metropolitan Park, Villavicencio, Meta
Physical and chemical characteristics of soil samples taken from the María Lucía Metropolitan Park, located in the Llanerita Trail of the municipality of Villavicencio, Meta Department, Colombia. In this sense, four calicatas were opened, identified with symbols composed of four capital letters and a consecutive number, up to three figures. Thus, the type of sampling was non-probabilistic, intentional or opinionated, which is a selection procedure in which the probability that population elements have to integrate the sample is unknown; and the elements are chosen on the basis of criteria or judgements set by the investigator, in these samples were determined: texture, wet colour, presence of spots, thick fragments, consistency, structure, root presence, biological activity, surface features, resistance to penetration, moisture, pH. The soils identified and described were found in the livestock area of the park, where they presented textural classes ranging from sandy clay, silty clay and loamy clay, with dark color nuances, in addition, little presence of mottled, thick fragments and roots, low resistance to penetration and moisture. These were categorized as not very compact, with little presence of sand or silt cutaneous and low biological activity especially in subsurface horizons. The pH of these soils was extremely to slightly acidic. According to these physical and chemical characteristics, these soils could still be used for livestock farming; however, it is suggested that other soil characteristics such as real density, apparent density, organic matter, soil phosphates, to identify other uses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hebandreyna González García, Aníbal Angél Soto Bracho, Juan Carlos Rey, Lina Mojica Sánchez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mathematical modeling of the severity of Cercospora leaf spot of chard as a function of meteorological variables
Chard (Beta vulgaris subsp cicla L.), is a plant rich in nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and dietary fibers, however, its cultivation faces challenges due to the lack of technology and, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola. This research aimed to model the severity of Cercospora leaf spot of chard based on meteorological variables under environmental conditions in the garden of the Escuela Normal Superior de Pamplona (Norte de Santander; Colombia). The assessment of the progress of the disease was developed by evaluating the crop every seven (7) days over time to relate them to the meteorological variables. Seven climatic variables were considered, which were processed for seven days prior to each sample to obtain the maximum, average and minimum temperature, maximum, average and minimum weekly relative humidity, weekly accumulated rainfall and rainy days in those seven days. The Pearson score showed strong and moderate positive linear relationships between disease severity and climatic variables for the two periods of February and March sowing date. From the multiple linear regression model, highly significant relationships were obtained that explain the variability of the severity of Cercospora leaf spot in the crop such as: TM, HRMAX, HRM and TMAX for the February sowing date and TMAX, TM and HRM for the March sowing date, with R2 with reliability above 90% on the February sowing date and 90% on the March date depending on the climatic variables.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brayham Jhayr Rodríguez Moreno, Leónides Castellanos González, Carmen Omaira Rozo García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mariponasa: Transforming butterfly larval feces into biofertilizer
Biofertilizers made from animal manure represent a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers. This practice enables the utilization of animal by-products to enhance soil fertility. In addition to supplying essential nutrients, these biofertilizers promote beneficial microbial activity, which helps improve soil structure and optimize nutrient availability for plants. In this regard, it was considered to analyse the feces of four species of butterfly larvae, namely: Battus polydomas, Metemorpha elissa, Methona confusa, Hamadryas, to determine whether they can be considered as organic manure or biofertilizer. The microbiota of the samples of mariponase were also characterized, these were sown in selective and nutritive medium PCA, Agar Czapek and Agar Mac Conkey, also subjected to biochemical tests SIM, TSI and LYSINE, in addition, Gram staining was performed to identify and characterize the microorganisms present. The results showed high concentrations of aerobic mesophiles and a notable presence of nitrifying bacteria and enterobacteria, with Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae identified as the predominant species, Gram staining confirmed the presence of Gram-negative bacilli.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lady Carolina Castañeda Bata, Luz Dary Pedraza Hernández, Hebandreyna González García, Joan Sebastian Gracia Rojas, Tatiana Navarro Tamayo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of the application frequency of a liquid organic fertilizer in established grasslands
Different application frequencies of a liquid organic fertilizer (manure tea) were evaluated in established pastures of Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst (star grass), in the Glorieta Production Unit, located in the Santa Bárbara Parish of the Colón Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three repetitions and three treatments T0 (without fertilization), T1 (application of the product every 30 days), T2 (application of the product every 40 days); The variables evaluated were height, green biomass yield (BV) and dry biomass yield (BS). The best results in terms of height were obtained in T2, reaching values of 50.6 cm compared to T0 and T1, which reflected heights of 42.23 cm and 48.23 cm respectively; Regarding the green biomass yield variable, better results were observed in T2 with a yield of 5,110 kg Bv/ha compared to T0 that reached 3,399 kg Bv/ha, however, T1 did not show a significant difference with the treatments. T0 and T2 managed to reach values of 4,410 kg Bv/ha, on the other hand, in the variable dry biomass yield, the best results were also observed in T2 with 1,124 kg Bs/ha compared to T0 that recorded 679.9 kg Bs/ha, but like the green biomass yield, T1 did not show a significant difference with T0 and T2 with values of 970.4 kg Bs/ha. The results obtained reflect that T2 showed the most appropriate values in the evaluated agroproductive variables, which could be influenced by the nutrients present in the bioferment and the application interval every 40 days.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jose Angel Amesty Castro, Carmen Leonor Pineda Ochoa, Hebandreyna Gonzalez Garcia, Helvis Hernandez Suarez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Presence of insects in caraota Phaseolus vulgaris L., Mundo Nuevo sector, Juan Ángel Bravo parish, Ezequiel Zamora municipality, Cojedes Venezuela
Grain legumes, such as beans Phaseolus vulgaris L., are essential in human nutrition due to their high protein content, complex carbohydrates and low-fat content, being an economical and nutritionally adequate option compared to products of animal origin. In Venezuela, beans are a strategic crop due to their protein content and their ability to adapt to various soils and adverse climates, in addition to improving soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. A study was carried out in the Mundo Nuevo sector, Ezequiel Zamora municipality, Cojedes, whose objective was to identify various pests that affect the bean crop. The results indicate the presence of borer bugs Andrector arcuatus (Olivier) and Andrector ruficornis (Olivier), leafhoppers Empoasca kraemeri (Ross y Moore) and Agrosoma spp.) and thrips (Thrips sp.). These insects cause significant damage, such as leaf perforations, sap sucking, and transmission of viral diseases, negatively affecting crop yields. In addition, beneficial insects were identified such as Podisus sp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Diptera: Tachinidae, and Zelus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). These bioregulators play an important role in the agricultural ecosystem by controlling pest insect populations. Therefore, it is crucial to implement agronomic practices that favor the conservation of these beneficial insects, such as the use of colored traps and natural repellents, instead of chemicals. Beans are not only an essential nutritional source but also a vital crop for food security in Venezuela. However, the presence of various pests represents a considerable challenge for farmers. The identification and proper management of these pests, along with the conservation of beneficial insects, are essential to ensure the sustainability and success of bean cultivation in the Mundo Nuevo sector and other similar regions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yadira Flores, Algerbert Alcalá, Ángela Escobar, Yinny Mújica, Miguel García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Microencapsulation in the Food Industry: Current Advances and Trends
Microencapsulation in the food industry has emerged as a promising technique to improve the quality, safety and functionality of food products, responding to the growing demand for functional and nutritionally improved foods. The problem lies in the need to protect active ingredients sensitive to environmental factors during food processing and storage. The present review research aims to analyze the impact of microencapsulation on the stability of ingredients and its relevance in the food industry. The research was based on an exhaustive bibliographic review of sources specialized in food microencapsulation at a national and international level. Specific search criteria in scientific databases were used to select relevant documents. Microencapsulation protects sensitive ingredients from external factors such as light, oxygen and humidity allowing the creation of functional foods with improved health properties and contributes to the stability and bioavailability of active ingredients in foods. Microencapsulation in the food industry is a key technique to improve the quality and functionality of products, offering benefits such as protection of sensitive ingredients and creation of functional foods. Its application can be essential to meet the demands of modern consumers and promote innovation in the food industry.
Copyright (c) 2024 María Isabel Zambrano Vélez, Allison Milenka Vera Zambrano, Teddy Alfredo Vera Arteaga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physical characteristics of pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita moschata) grown in Santa Lucía Atlántico, Colombia
The physical properties of oilseeds and other grains are affected by numerous factors such as seed size, variety and moisture. Likewise, these properties are essential for the design of drying, aeration, storage and treatment equipment. The objective of the study was to characterize the physical properties of pumpkin seed (Cucurbita moschata) for crop improvement in Santa Lucia Atlántico, Colombia. The weight of 100 seeds, dimensions, actual density, bulk density, porosity, swelling capacity and water holding capacity of pumpkin seed with and without shell were measured; a 2-factor ANOVA with 3 repetitions was applied to the data obtained. The results of the study revealed that the weight of 100 seeds and the dimensions show more variable values in terms of shelled and shelled seeds. While real density, bulk density, porosity and swelling capacity present significant minor differences between samples. Finally, the only parameter that showed no statistically significant differences was the water holding capacity, which is similar for shelled and shelled seeds. In conclusion, the shell represents about 30% of the total pumpkin seed and has a great influence on physical properties. Likewise, these properties change according to the variety, humidity and stage of maturation of the seed.
Copyright (c) 2024 Alexis Zhaid Carrillo García, Genisberto Barreto Rodríguez, Nuris Morales Pinto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of excess moisture due to microrelief and coarse soil fragments on maize yields (Zea mays L.)
Para evaluar el efecto del exceso de humedad a causa del microrrelieve y de los fragmentos gruesos del suelo, se hizo un trabajo en la época de lluvias del año 2023 en el estado Portuguesa, Venezuela. Se sembró el híbrido Agriconsess 101, siguiendo un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado con 4 repeticiones, donde las variables independientes fueron suelo sin problema (T1), suelo saturado por acción del microrrelieve (T2), suelo con alto porcentaje de fragmentos gruesos (T3) y las dependientes área foliar de la planta (AF), área foliar entre las hojas 5 a 10 (AF5-10), concentración de clorofila (CaH, CbH) y contenido de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) en la hoja inmediata superior a la mazorca, altura de las plantas (AP), altura de la mazorca (AM), hilera por mazorca (HM), granos por hilera (GH), peso de 1000 granos y rendimiento (kg/ha). Los resultados fueron corridos en un software estadístico SPSS versión 26.0 para determinar diferencias cuantitativas entre las variables respuesta y las independientes. Los valores significativos fueron evaluados con Tukey para verificar si la diferencia entre las medias de cada parámetro. Kruskal y Wallis, se utilizó para la corrección de la significancia de la prueba de ANOVA con exceso de variación o heterogeneidad de varianzas. Los resultados muestran efecto significativo (P<0,001) de los tratamientos en las variables altura de la planta (AP), altura de la mazorca (AM), área foliar (AF), AF5-10, contenido de clorofila a (CaH), nitrógeno (N), magnesio (Mg), hileras/mazorca (HM), granos/hilera (GH), peso de mil granos (P1000) y rendimiento (REND). Se concluyó que el exceso de humedad a causa de microrrelieve provocó menor tasa de formación de clorofila a, y bajo contenido de nutrientes como el nitrógeno y magnesio. Como consecuencia las plantas de maíz tienen menor tamaño (AP), menor área foliar (AF) influyendo en los componentes del rendimiento HM, GH, P1000 y en los rendimientos expresados en kg/ha, mientras que el alto porcentaje de fragmentos gruesos afecta de forma significativa la altura de la planta (AP), el área foliar (AF) y dos componentes del rendimiento (HM y GH) pero las plantas de maíz pueden expresar rendimientos estadísticamente iguales a los suelos en condiciones de suelos sin problemas (T1).
Copyright (c) 2024 Ricardo José Orellana, Eddy Carolina Orellana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Commercial antagonists for the management of fungal diseases of strawberry crops (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), in the municipality of Pamplona, Norte de Santander
Fungal diseases in strawberry crops are a major problem for farmers in the municipality of Pamplona Norte de Santander, which is why it is important to look for possible solutions that help mitigate the incidence and severity of these diseases. The general objective of this work was to evaluate commercial antagonists for the management of fungal diseases in strawberries. A field experiment was carried out with complete random blocks of eight treatments with four repetitions of which three were chemical fungicides, the mixture of chemical fungicides, two biological treatments, the mixture of biologicals and the farmer's management. In the statistical analyzes no significant statistical differences were obtained, but it was observed that the products had a positive effect on the control of these diseases and the biological products stand out mainly since these not only control crop diseases, but can also stimulate the plant for its good development unlike chemical products that are specific to control diseases, in the same way biological products are a good alternative because they are shown to be equal and in some cases better than chemical treatments.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yuribel Rodríguez, Nora Camila Osorio Torres, Leónides Castellanos, Yhosvanni Perez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Agroecology in the andean region. Challenges
In Latin America, agroecological systems are based on the sustainability of natural resources, ensuring that they become a better quality of life. The agroecological process has been driven by the dynamic activity of NGOs, universities, farmers' experiences and some government plans. However, the scenery is social inequality, an accelerated level of poverty, dizzying environmental deterioration and many health problems. The purpose of this article was to analyze the current state of agroecology in the Andean region and its limitations, which allow us to understand the perspectives for the future of these agroecosystems in these countries. The analysis arises from the critical review of different physical and electronic documentary sources such as Google academic, Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc, Doaj, among others. It is expected to provide a clear and objective vision of agroecology in the face of the agri-food debacle and the catastrophic effects of climate change caused by market hegemony, capitalist agriculture and the agrochemical revolution.
Copyright (c) 2024 Humboltd Octavio Moreira Menéndez, Lila Magaly Avellan Avellan, José Ricardo Macías Barberán, Rudyard Antonio Arteaga Solórzano, Graciela Jaqueline Mendoza Solórzano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Advances in the evaluation of microorganisms as biocontrol agents of pathogens that cause diseases in rice cultivation
In this research, an exploration of advances in the evaluation of microorganisms as biocontrol agents of pathogens that cause diseases in rice cultivation was carried out; For this purpose, scientific articles published in journals indexed in databases such as Scopus, Scielo, Redalyc, Springer, among others, were reviewed and research was analyzed in which antagonistic agents of pathogens in rice have been used. This review article addresses the need to implement control strategies that minimize environmental impact and promote sustainability and aims to analyze current advances in the evaluation of microorganisms as biocontrol agents of disease-causing pathogens in rice cultivation. Among the main findings, it is mentioned that there are various microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) such as Trichoderma spp., Bacillus subtilis, Lysobacter antibioticus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus spp., among others, that have demonstrated the ability to suppress pathogens that cause rice diseases, due to mechanisms of action such as antibiosis, competition for nutrients, mycoparasitism, induction of systemic resistance in plants. This multiplicity of mechanisms allows the microorganism to be selected as a biological control agent. Likewise, there is a trend to apply integrated approaches to take advantage of microbial diversity, improving plant health and reducing dependence on agrochemicals.
Copyright (c) 2024 Vanessa Elizabeth Pino Meléndez, Fernando Javier Cobos Mora, Germán Troya Guerrero, Héctor Reyes Villón https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Environmental management system for the rehabilitation of green areas
It is essential that educational institutions prioritize the rehabilitation of their green spaces. These areas serve not only as sites for recreation and study, but also significantly contribute to the preservation of life on the planet by maintaining urban forests within university campuses. In this context, this research proposed an environmental management system aimed at the rehabilitation of green areas at the National Experimental University Simón Rodríguez, located in Maracay, Aragua state. The study was structured as a feasible project with a descriptive field design, supported by an exhaustive literature review. The study population included 20 workers from the institution and frequent visitors. Data collection was conducted through surveys and questionnaires, whose validity and reliability were assessed by three experts, achieving a Kuder-Richardson (Kr20) index of 0.90, indicating high reliability. The results revealed a significant lack of knowledge and updates in environmental management among the workers, including deficiencies in environmental policies, economic resources, teamwork, interinstitutional coordination, supervision, and compliance with legal norms. As a corrective measure, it is recommended to implement the developed environmental management proposal to promote the recovery and protection of the campus's natural resources. This implementation would not only improve the environmental quality of the university but also enhance the responsibility and commitment of the institution to environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2023 Francis Soledad Saavedra Peña, Hebandreyna González García, Carmen Cecilia González Francés https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Advanced agromanagement as a performance mechanism for production units
Agribusinesses need to maximize the efficiency of resource use, and to do so, they have advanced tools to achieve organizational objectives such as agromanagement. The study aimed to analyze advanced agromanagement as a performance mechanism of Production Units. In this sense, it was based on a descriptive type of research with a non-experimental field design. On the other hand, the population was made up of fifty (50) subjects. In this sense, the information was collected through a questionnaire containing thirty-six (36), questions with alternatives on a Likert scale (S, Cs, Av, Cn and N), it was validated through the judgment process of experts. The results showed that inadequate use of agricultural resources is required, without defining an agricultural competitive process, to comply with the agricultural technical support needed by the human talent of the production units.
Copyright (c) 2023 Juan Carlos Escalante https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Epidemiological aspects of clubroot in three cruciferous species in the Garden of the Escuela Normal Superior de Pamplona, Norte de Santander
The objective of the research was to characterize, quantify and determine the incidence and severity of clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin in comparison with the age of the crops, the pH of the soil and the slope of the land. Periodic sampling was carried out on the three cruciferous plants, cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli, and foliar and root data on the incidence and severity of the disease were collected. Through data and analyzing the field behavior of the affected plants, it was observed that cabbage presented the highest incidence and severity of the disease, according to data from the Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (ABCPE) in the two types of slopes (high slope and low slope). It was also observed that pH influenced the incidence of the disease in cabbage above pH 7 despite no significant difference being found. There was also no significant difference between crop species, however, a tendency was observed for the incidence and severity of the disease to be greater in plots located in areas of low slope and where water accumulated more easily.
Copyright (c) 2023 Claudia Lisec Gamboa Bautista, Leonides Castellanos Gonzalez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sustainability and financial performance in Dual Purpose Livestock Systems: A comprehensive approach to agroecological perspectives
In the current context, it is crucial that dual-purpose livestock systems adopt sustainable practices and management strategies that enhance their productive and financial performance, aiming to maximize their economic value. This research aims to explore the premises related to sustainability and financial performance in such systems, adopting a comprehensive approach based on agroecological principles. Methodologically, the study is framed within a rationalist-deductive epistemological approach and is conducted through a documentary review that analyzes various perspectives and theories proposed by prominent authors in the field of agroecology. The results reveal a conceptual framework that addresses sustainability from economic, social, and ecological dimensions, considering these as inseparable from financial performance. This approach highlights the importance of business economic growth, improvement in the quality of life of those involved, and ecosystem conservation. Based on the findings, productive, environmental, financial, and social strategies have been identified that guide the systems towards financially sustainable livestock farming. It is concluded that sustainability and financial performance are fundamental for the implementation of sustainable practices in livestock systems, ensuring long-term profitability and market presence.
Copyright (c) 2023 Marbelis Nava Rosillon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Edaphic fertilization in the yield of Creole potato Solanum phureja
The aim of this review article was to gather information on soil fertilization and its impact on the yield of Solanum phureja (creole potato). It addressed the existing issues in creole potato cultivation, characterized by the application of fertilizers without considering specific soil analyses of each plot or the critical extraction levels of the species, leading to high production costs, environmental contamination, and soil degradation. The methodology employed involved descriptive and analytical documentary research, analyzing articles collected over the last 20 years on soil fertilization in creole potatoes. The results underscored the importance of careful fertilization for creole potato cultivation, emphasizing that its success relies on ensuring the adequate availability of all necessary nutrients for the plant in the soil. It was concluded that future research should comprehensively address the fertilization of creole potato crops, particularly considering key elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
Copyright (c) 2023 CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA AGROPECUARIA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Agroecological alternatives for forage species resilience against climate change
The growing global demand for food has driven the expansion of agriculture, increasing the prevalence of large-scale monocultures. This expansion has led to ineffective soil management and its rapid degradation. Simultaneously, abiotic factors associated with climate change, such as rising temperatures and reduced precipitation, have significantly altered the climatic variability of ecosystems. In response to these consecuences, the implementation of agroecological practices such as minimum tillage, the use of green manures, crop diversification, agroforestry, and the conservation of water and soil, along with the protection of native species, emerges as an effective strategy to mitigate the impacts of climate change. In this regard, a meticulous review of scientific literature published between 2010 and 2023, in English and Spanish, from platforms such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate was conducted. The main topics included climate change, sustainability, and agroecological practices. The findings highlighted that agroecological practices not only balance the environment but also improve conditions for the growth of forage species, vital to agricultural systems. By promoting a favorable environment, these practices enhance the resilience of ecosystems, improving plant biodiversity, the microbiome, soil fertility, and creating optimal microclimates for non-invasive species that facilitate nutrient recycling and the stability of the biosphere.
Copyright (c) 2023 Carolina Fonseca-Restrepo, Francisco Angulo-Cubillán, Maria Juliana Piedrahita-Fonseca https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Microbiota associated with agroforestry cocoa plantations and its impact on abiotic stress tolerance
This study investigated the symbiotic relationship between microbiota and cocoa agroforestry plantations, focusing on how this interaction enhances abiotic stress tolerance under adverse conditions such as droughts, salinity, and climate changes. A systematic literature review methodology was employed, wherein articles were selected from academic databases using specific inclusion criteria to ensure the relevance and quality of the analyzed information. The research highlighted how the diversity and presence of soil microorganisms significantly contribute to the resilience of cocoa through improved nutrient uptake, root system strengthening, and the activation of physiological responses. These mechanisms underscore the ability of cocoa plantations to cope with abiotic stress and emphasize the importance of promoting such interactions for the sustainable development of the crop under varying environmental conditions. Furthermore, practical implications for agricultural management were discussed, focusing on enhancing soil microbiota health and diversity through sustainable agronomic practices and the use of beneficial microorganisms. These strategies are vital not only for cocoa production but also for global food security. In conclusion, the study provides evidence supporting the implementation of more effective and sustainable management strategies that enhance the productivity and resilience of agroforestry systems in response to climate change and other environmental pressures, thereby contributing to the maintenance of agricultural and ecological sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2023 Germán Troya Guerrero, Vanessa Elizabeth Pino Meléndez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Agroecological Grazing Technologies and the Transition Towards Sustainable Buffalo Agroecosystems in the Venezuelan Low Tropics: An Approach to the Topic
The industrialisation of livestock farming has resulted in the transformation of one quarter of the world’s land area into pastures, thus demonstrating the environmental impact of such practices. As the interest in buffalo farming (Bubalus bubalis L.) increases, there emerges a necessity to transition towards more sustainable buffalo production systems. This transformation represents a challenge due to the complexity inherent within agroecosystems, particularly in regions such as the Venezuelan low tropics, where agroecological sustainability has not been fully achieved. Within this context, agroecological grazing technologies emerge as essential components for achieving sustainability in buffalo farming, especially within non-extensive systems. These technologies offer alternative approaches to pasture management, integrating into strategies for sustainable agriculture that promote equitable, participative, and culturally appropriate development, whilst ensuring ecological security and economic viability. The expansion of the buffalo population and the potential for the development of buffalo farming in Venezuela highlight the importance of understanding the interaction between agroecological grazing technologies and agroecosystems in the process of achieving sustainability. This understanding is crucial for maximising the environmental, economic, and social benefits that buffalo farming can provide, both in Venezuela and in similar contexts elsewhere.
Environmental impact of livestock farming
Copyright (c) 2023 Carlos Alberto Calles Navas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fungicidal potential of five vegetable extracts on Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff.et Maublen, Fusarium spp y Curvularia spp
La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto potencial como fungicida de cinco extractos acuosos de plantas frente a tres hongos patógenos Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff.et Maublen, Fusarium spp y Curvularia spp aislados de semillas de caoba hondureña Switenia macrophylla King. Los ensayos se realizaron en el laboratorio de Micología perteneciente al Laboratorio Provincial de Sanidad vegetal, Cienfuegos. Se evaluaron los extractos acuosos de Moringa oleifera Lam (moringa), Morinda citrifolia L. (noni), Ricinus communis L. (higuereta), Momordica charantia L. (cundeamor) y Piper auritum Kunth (caisimón de anís). Para determinar el potencial fungicida, se midió el crecimiento micelial de los tres hongos a los tres, siete y 10 días posteriores al tratamiento con los extractos al 2,5 % y se determinó el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento radial contra un control. Los datos en porcentaje se transformaron en 2 arcsen %/100, y se sometieron a un análisis de varianza, haciéndose las comparaciones por la prueba de Tukey (p<0,05). Se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15 para WINDOW. Los extractos manifestaron entre 98 y 100 % de inhibición a los siete y 10 días sobre los hongos estudiados, sin embargo, a los tres días moringa, caisimón y cundeamor ejercieron un efecto similar sobre los tres hongos patógenos, mientras que la higuereta fue superior sobre Fusarium spp y noni sobre Curvularia spp. y L. theobromae.
Copyright (c) 2022 Bismary Reyes Castro, María Elena Lorenzo Nicao, Leónides Castellanos González, Yhosvanni Pérez, Roquelina Jimenez Carbonell https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Regionalization of avocado production in the state of Michoacán, considering the productive disparities in the region
The avocado production has experienced a notable growth in recent years in Michoacán, consolidating itself as the main producer at the national level and one of the main exporters worldwide. However, marked disparities were observed between regions and municipalities in terms of productivity and performance levels. Given this scenario, there was a need to design strategies that would better exploit the productive potential of each area, compensating for limitations and promoting comparative advantages. The research aimed to address the question: How could a productive regionalization be designed to maximize the comparative advantages of each area in terms of surface area, yield, price, and productivity, compensating for their limitations and disparities, to optimize the global avocado production in Michoacán? The general objective was to propose a regionalization of avocado production in Michoacán, considering the productive disparities between regions. To achieve this, three specific objectives were outlined: to examine the evolution of indicators such as yield, harvested area, and rural average price of avocado in the main producing municipalities of Michoacán between 2010 and 2021; to compare the performance between these municipalities in the mentioned variables; and to identify possible explanatory factors of the productive leadership of some areas, considering comparative and competitive advantages. The methodology was based on a statistical analysis of the indicators using official data. Synthetic indicators were constructed, and regionalization techniques were applied to identify areas with homogeneous characteristics. The results allowed for the characterization of regions, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement. Differentiated strategies were defined by enhancing capacities, investing in lagging areas, and promoting regional complementarity. The proposal was an integral regionalization that, respecting productive vocations, allowed for the pooling of efforts and compensation of disparities to optimize the production of the Michoacán avocado sector.
Copyright (c) 2022 Carlos G. Díaz, Óscar I. Reyes, Hugo H. Gamboa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Calidad bromatológica y organoléptica del ensilaje de pasto elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) con la aplicación de inoculantes microbianos
Con el objetivo de evaluar la calidad bromatológica y organoléptica del ensilaje de pasto elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) con la aplicación de inoculantes microbianos, en las inmediaciones del vivero de la Universidad Nacional Experimental Sur del Lago ubicado en el municipio Colón del estado Zulia, se consideraron las siguientes variables: para la calida organoléptica: color, olor, textura y las bromatológicas materia seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra cruda (FC), extracto etéreo (EE), cenizas (CZ), además de la temperatura y el pH. Se realizaron cuatro tratamientos con dos repeticiones cada uno. T0: control, T1: Lactosilo, T2: suero de leche, T3: leche ácida, para un total de 18 unidades experimentales por tratamiento. Se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar con dos factores (días y aditivos), con estructura factorial 4 x 1 (aditivo x día) para la composición química, y una estructura factorial 4 x 5 (aditivo x día) para las bromatológicas, pH y temperatura. Los datos obtenidos se sometieron a una comparación de medias de Tukey en un 5% de significancia. Los ensilajes se clasificaron con una calidad excelente de acuerdo con sus características organolépticas, así como el pH y las temperaturas se mantuvieron en los rangos aceptables para todos los tratamientos, MS, FC, EE, no mostraron diferencia significativa, mientas que, si hubo en el caso de PB y CZ entre los tratamientos 3 y 1. Se concluye que los inoculantes favorecieron el proceso fermentativo del ensilaje de forma satisfactoria.
Copyright (c) 2022 Carmen Pineda Ochoa, José Ángel Amesty Castro, Hebandreyna González García, Helvis Hernández Suárez4, Leydi Yamilet Rosales Rodríguez, Karin Sandra Parra Ramírez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Influencia del régimen de corte sobre las características agroproductivas del pasto guinea Megathyrsus maximus
Se evaluó el régimen de corte sobre las características agroproductivas del pasto guinea (Megathyrsus maximus) en periodo poco lluvioso con el propósito de conocer el efecto en cuanto la altura alcanzada por la planta, el rendimiento de biomasa verde y biomasa seca, esta investigación se desarrolló en la unidad de producción Agropecuaria Mirabel, en el municipio Colón, estado Zulia, Venezuela. El diseño experimental consistió en un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar y cuatro tratamientos, se evaluaron las variables de altura, rendimiento de biomasa verde y seca. El análisis de los datos se efectuó con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 19 y una prueba de comparación de medias por el método de Tukey. En relación con los resultados obtenidos para las variables en estudio, no mostraron diferencia significativa para ninguno de los tratamientos, los valores obtenidos para la variable altura, rendimiento de biomasa verde y seca oscilaron en 87,49 cm (T4),7.125 kg MV/ha (T4) y 1.510 kg MS/ha (T4) respectivamente, dicha situación pudo estar fuertemente influenciada por el marcado régimen de escases de precipitaciones durante la evaluación del ensayo. En vista de los resultados obtenidos se concluyó que los regímenes de corte establecidos en la presente investigación no estuvieron acordes con el intenso período de sequía, por lo que se recomienda implementar periodos de corte más prolongados para su posterior evaluación en rendimiento y calidad.
Copyright (c) 2022 José Ángel Amesty Castro, Carmen Pineda Ochoa, Hebandreyna González García, Helvis Hernández Suárez, Leydi Yamilet Rosales Rodríguez, Karin Sandra Parra Ramírez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Validación de una tecnología en producción limpia de fresa a pequeña escala en la finca Sol Vida del municipio de Pamplona, Norte de Santander
El objetivo de la investigación fue validar una tecnología en producción más limpia de fresa (Fragaria x Ananassa Duch.) a pequeña escala en la finca Sol Vida del municipio de Pamplona, Norte de Santander. La investigación se condujo en cinco parcelas simples evaluando cada 15 días en el periodo comprendido entre marzo y octubre de 2019. Se registraron todas las actividades que se realizaron y los insumos empleados, así como se estimó su valor. Se evaluó el nivel de incidencia y severidad de las enfermedades parasitarias y los artrópodos plagas más importantes de la fresa. Se recogieron todas las medidas de manejo agroecológico que se realizó en esta tecnología de producción limpia. Las medias de cada tratamiento se compararon por la prueba de Tukey con un 5 % de probabilidad de error y se empleó el paquete estadístico SPSS. En general la tecnología de producción limpia se comportó de forma similar desde el punto de vista fitosanitario y nutricional en todas las parcelas de fresa con sus cultivos asociados con baja incidencia de plagas y solo la carencia de fósforo como problema nutricional. La valoración económica de la nueva tecnología de producción limpia de fresa en la finca Sol Vida, mostró que al inicio de la producción los gastos sobrepasaban los ingresos, sin embargo, una proyección a un año indicó que si la producción aumentaba como se esperaba, la relación beneficio -costo aumentaría y sería rentable esta tecnología.
Copyright (c) 2022 Darlyn Viviana Cruz Villamizar, Peter Paolo Rodríguez Ospino, Leónides Castellanos González, Néstor Enrique Césped Novoa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0