1. INTRODUCCIÓN

During the last few years there has been an accelerated process of migration from Venezuela to Colombia for which the country had no response capacity, which definitely triggered a crisis that has transformed the border life and is reflected in social, economic, security, health processes and in general in the dynamics of the cities, in this case San José de Cúcuta.

From there arises the research entitled: The migratory crisis in the city of Cúcuta", developed from the Social Work Research Group GITS, highlighting the crisis around the transformation of conditions and ways of life and recognizing the accelerated process in recent years and the transformation from being a country of migration to Venezuela to being a receiving country, which highlights the lack of institutional capacity to respond, the social phenomenon of migration with the associated problems, all this framed in the historical complexities of the country and its dynamics such as those associated with the internal armed conflict.

Likewise, it is recognized that the economic problems affecting the city of Cúcuta and the region, have generated that Venezuelan migrants cannot have access to jobs in their areas of knowledge and expertise that impact their income, but tend to develop low-skilled jobs mainly in labor and low-wage sectors such as commerce, service sales, fast food sales and construction (Chaves-González et al., 2021). An important aspect to take into account, when in the migratory waves, professionals from different disciplines arrive to the city if they are looking for work spaces according to their schooling and professionalism.

Recognizing the above and that migration is a social phenomenon that needs to be studied from multiple dimensions, in this case, the socioeconomic element. From the qualitative approach, the descriptive research was developed, which addressed the issue of entrepreneurship as one of the keys posed by State policies for economic activation in the region and that allows migrants to generate income; the study population focused on women.

Likewise, it is recognized that the economic problems affecting the city of Cúcuta and the region, have generated that Venezuelan migrants cannot have access to jobs in their areas of knowledge and expertise that impact their income, but tend to develop low-skilled jobs mainly in labor and low-wage sectors such as commerce, service sales, fast food sales and construction (Chaves-González et al., 2021). Important aspect to take into account, when in the migratory waves, professionals from different disciplines arrive to the city if in finding work spaces according to their schooling, professionalism.

Recognizing the above and that migration is a social phenomenon that requires to be studied from multiple dimensions, in this case, the socioeconomic element. From the qualitative approach, the descriptive research was developed, which addressed the issue of entrepreneurship as one of the keys posed by State policies for economic activation in the region and that allows migrants to generate income; the study population focused on women belonging to the Asociación de Mujeres Luchadoras por Vida (Association of Women Fighters for Life), who have lived through the experience of migration.belonging to the Asociación de Mujeres Luchadoras por la Vida, who have lived through the migration process and whose experience of the different actions of economic integration into the life of the city is relevant to the objective of the study.

Four categories stand out in relation to entrepreneurship that emerged from the analysis of the narratives obtained in the interviews with women belonging to the association: support from international cooperation, the social problems that affect entrepreneurs, the scarce generation of business alternatives and the lack of entrepreneurial vision and training.

The results show that entrepreneurship is a significant strategy for the subsistence and settlement of migrant families, related to three key aspects; the first is the generation of income, the second is the socioeconomic integration with the activities of the region and the third is the dignification of the status of women, overcoming the stigmatization of Venezuelan migrants and recognizing their value in the generation and leadership of productive projects.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW:

The theoretical basis of research is related to three dimensions, the first one complex thinking, the second one entrepreneurship and the third one crisis; from which the narratives obtained in the interviews conducted with Venezuelan migrant women members of the Association are interpreted.

Regarding complex thinking, the starting point is Morin's (1990) approach on the importance of understanding reality as a systemic universe of frameworks, relationships, links and articulations between the various aspects that integrate it; leaving aside the historical fragmentation where the interpretation of a phenomenon was reduced to the separate analysis of its parts and simplistic positivist precepts (Morin, 2006).

This vision is the fundamental basis for the interpretation of migration as a multidimensional, multicausal and diverse phenomenon that implies a transdisciplinary reading in its interpretation and that requires leaving aside the simplistic thinking of naturalistic reality, allowing an integrating vision for its interpretation (Andrade et al., 2009).

Seeing migration from this perspective requires, as the author states, a complex vision of reality, where it is recognized that the parts are related to the whole and that they are equally important to it. In addition, the importance of a global view of the context is affirmed, where the facts are a dynamic and interrelated framework, where it is necessary to complain about the simplistic approach and that requires thinking about the global forms of interpretation of the situation (Zamora-Araya, 2019).

In this sense, the complex vision allows the interpretation of global socioeconomic processes in the particular version of the region (Morin, 2007), recognizing that reality is determined by its biological, economic and social dimensions, in a framework that needs to be seen from the global process of humanity (Guzmán Díaz & Adriano Anaya, 2013).

When studying entrepreneurship in the Venezuelan migrant population, it is pertinent to point out that CONPES 4011 of 2020, National Entrepreneurship Policy, promotes the strengthening, creation and growth of enterprises in search of generating income, wealth and productivity increases through the development of competencies and enabling conditions in the entrepreneurial ecosystem,

This policy takes into account all types of economic units and dimensions of development, incorporating several actions with emphasis on the productive inclusion of micro-businesses and productive initiatives of the vulnerable population. CONPES 3950 defines the strategy for the attention of migration from Venezuela, although it is not mentioned in the policy. It does respond to the Industrial Policy on the Move, where actions on employability and entrepreneurship are defined as cross-cutting strategic axes that the national government has defined to transform the productive apparatus in the territories. In addition, the law includes the fundamental elements for the socioeconomic and productive integration of migrants, Colombian returnees and host communities, with a differential and territorial approach, as an opportunity for the country's economic development (Ministry of Economy, Industry and Tourism (2023).

The interpretation of the entrepreneurial process implies a multidimensional, multi-relational and systemic approach, recognizing that there are several factors that will allow the construction of an entrepreneurial vision that responds to reality, as Martínez and González (2020) state that entrepreneurship must respond to socioeconomic, cultural and educational conditions, productive structures and dynamics, personal conditions, the networks of entrepreneurs, the market of factors and regulations and state policies that will determine the processes that can be developed in the different contexts.

In this sense, it is essential to think about the uniqueness of the context in the development of entrepreneurial processes, since these must respond to the characteristics, particulars, dynamics and resources proper to the local, also recognizing the correlation of psychological, economic, social and political factors Paños (2017), becoming an opportunity to improve the lives of people and their families.

It is necessary to recognize the need for training in entrepreneurship processes, as they involve the construction of ideas of the traditional economy, the need for a creative and creative vision that allows the generation of skills and competencies in the generation of business ideas, formulation of business plans and construction of companies, which not only benefit people, but also have an impact on the development of the country (Borja et al., 2020).

Complementary to the complex vision and entrepreneurship, it is necessary to interpret migration from a multidimensional crisis perspective, which encompasses humanitarian, social and economic factors, for which the Colombian State has not had the capacity to respond; this crisis vision implies the transformation of situational processes and the adaptation to a new reality of life on the border that must be thought in a systemic manner and articulated with the existing historical dynamics and with a global vision (Borja et al., 2020). dynamics and with a global vision (Andrade et al., 2009).

As stated by (Bitar, 2021), the fundamental reason for the migration of the Venezuelan population to Colombia was to improve their difficult economic conditions, while many of them already had unsatisfied basic needs when they arrived in the country; the other reasons for migration were the insecurity faced by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the intention to reunite with family members, political reasons and health reasons, among others.

In addition to the above, it is key to understand that the crisis is also related to the impact of the families to respond to the accelerated changes in their lives and the adaptations they must make to adapt to life in the city in a new city (López, 2010) such as Cúcuta.

In this sense, it is necessary to think of a dynamic crisis where accelerated changes must be seen locally and globally (Zamora-Araya, 2019), with the caesarean rupture of fragmentation and where a systemic vision allows a deeper understanding of the economic processes in which families are immersed that will define their life processes.

Ramírez, García and Redondo (2021) in their research work: Migration as a promoter of entrepreneurship; Theoretical approaches, point out that, through different contexts, approaches and situations, migration is associated with entrepreneurship processes. Being an evident element in migrants the low risk aversion as a key factor of entrepreneurship, migrants face more challenges, assume more risks and probability of failure. Their condition and experiences regarding their ability to make decisions to leave a life behind in order to seek, maintain or improve their living conditions enable migrants to develop their own entrepreneurial skills.

Another study, which relates entrepreneurship in Venezuelan migrant women is the one conducted by Salas et al (2019) in the study conducted in Barranquilla on entrepreneurship and informal work of Venezuelan migrants, points out that this population is vulnerable and is exposed to situations of discrimination, harassment and labor exploitation. In his study he found that Venezuelan migrants in Barranquilla assume informal trade as an alternative to subsist, where their income often does not exceed the minimum wage. She identified in the study that 18% of the population studied considered themselves overqualified for the economic activity they performed. Women entrepreneurs start their businesses with less capital and less indebtedness, which are financed through trickle-down loans due to their lack of credit life and their immigrant status makes it impossible for them to access them. The enterprises of Venezuelan migrant women are focused on the commercial sectors of food, aesthetics and clothing, among others.

3. METHODOLOGY

Research developed from the qualitative paradigm, with descriptive design, (Arias Valencia & Betancurth Loaiza, 2015), where the singularities of the women who belong to the association and the complexities of their experiences around the migration process were addressed. Asilachis (2006) states that "this type of research builds a complex and holistic picture, analyzes words, interacts with the participants and conducts the study in a natural situation" (p. 2), entrepreneurship in Venezuelan migrant women requires this holistic and complex vision that allows understanding this complex phenomenon from a qualitative approach..

Seven in-depth interviews and two focus groups were conducted; the criteria for the participation of Venezuelan migrant women members of the Asociación de mujeres luchadoras por la vida were as follows:

a) being Venezuelan migrant women

b) to have arrived in Colombia more than 13 months ago

c) to be part of the Association of Women Fighters for Life.

d) to have participated in training on entrepreneurship issues.

e) be currently involved in a productive project.

f) wanting to participate in the research process.

It is important to point out that the narratives given by the Venezuelan migrant women were organized, after their literal transcription and revision, in order to organize the information, the interviews were codified based on the narratives obtained (Barrantes, 2009). The information was organized in matrices that allowed the identification of the categories of analysis, after coding, taking into account the findings from interview 1 to interview 7 and the focus groups were organized into focus group 1 (GF1) and focus group 2 (GF2).

The validation process of the instruments was carried out by experts, from the analysis of the relevance of the study questions and the scope in the fulfillment of objectives; the questions were rated with very high relevance; the evaluators were three experts; the first was a political scientist with experience in the subject, the second a social worker with experience in research, and the third a public accountant with knowledge of the socioeconomic subject.

he analysis of the information was developed through a matrix analysis exercise, where simple categories emerged and then were organized in greater complexity, all centered on the stories obtained in the interviews and the focus group; the categories corresponded to the specific objectives and the subcategories emerged from the stories obtained: 1) Support from international cooperation, 2) The social problems that affect entrepreneurs, 3) The scarce generation of business alternatives and 4) The lack of entrepreneurial vision and training.

For the development of the research, the women participants signed an informed consent form, where they allowed the information obtained to be shown and where the importance of their anonymity in the presentation of findings was made clear.

4. RESULTS:

The accelerated migration process has generated different affectations in the life of life in Cúcuta, highlighting that the socioeconomic conditions of the population have tended to worsen in issues such as unemployment, informality, insecurity, increased consumption of psychoactive substances and affectations of the use of public space among others.

In this sense, the research process focused on recognizing the socioeconomic conditions of migrant families, prioritizing in this article the analysis of entrepreneurship as a possibility that has been developed to respond to the living conditions of the city.

Recognizing in entrepreneurship the possibility of income generation for migrant families, added to the adaptation to the context of the city; in the analysis of the information, the following subcategories of analysis emerged from the narratives. The first is the support of international cooperation, it is highlighted that the people interviewed recognize the importance of international cooperation to respond to the migratory crisis they are facing, highlighting three aspects, the first related to meeting basic needs, the second with training in areas such as entrepreneurship and the third in the accompaniment to the Colombian State. In this regard, the following stories stand out:

For us, the support of international cooperation agencies has been very important, we know that we can count on them for the problems we have, for example, Acción sin hambre gives food to migrants, the Red Cross attends to health issues and we received training on the subject of entrepreneurship from AGNUR, they taught us very important things, which the idea is to put into practice (Interviewee 1 personal communication, November 18, 2023).

For the women who are in the association, it has been very important that people come to teach us what to do, they show us what a business idea is, they talk to us about the importance of money management. they talk to us about the importance of money management -because sometimes you can earn money but you don't know what to do with it- and they have shown us how to be an entrepreneur you have to lose your fear, you have to risk doing something and above all each one of us must have a motivation to make ourselves better and that this is useful for our families. (Focus group 1 personal communication, December 2, 2023).

Like this narrative, there are many others that highlight the role of international cooperation in the adaptation of migrants to the city of Cúcuta, where the satisfaction of basic needs and the generation of learning processes are highlighted, a situation that motivates many women to participate in the association of which they are part.

A key aspect the interpretation of the narrative, is associated with the various agencies that arrived in the country, which are organized from the Interagency Group on Mixed Migratory Flows GIFMM; which was created towards the end of 2016 and is co-led by IOM and UNHCR and have had a positive impact on the territory, due among other aspects to their human and resource capacities in addressing migration processes, where the issue of entrepreneurship is an axis for the integration of the migrant population to the country.

It became evident that together with 15 international cooperation agencies, the national government has developed support programs in entrepreneurship that have allowed reaching more than 6,400 entrepreneurs led by migrants from Venezuela, Colombian returnees and residents in host communities. The accompaniments were focused on operating enterprises, they received advice on business strengthening, business model, finance, marketing and sales, among others, the productive capital was on average from 1 to 6 million pesos and in some cases up to 12 million pesos for those enterprises more structured and with a greater potential for growth.

The second is the social problems that affect entrepreneurs, where narratives such as the following stand out:

This city is very difficult, because the first thing is that they reject us for being Venezuelan, they say things outside of us and blame us for everything that happens, if someone is killed they say it was a Venezuelan, if they are stealing, it is the Venezuelans and if there is a problem it is the fault of the Venezuelans, as if in this country there were not bad people too, sometimes you want to sell what you have, but they do not support you just because you are Venezuelan (Interviewee 4, personal communication, November 25, 2023).

Here it is difficult to set up a business, there are places where you have to pay to be allowed to sell, otherwise they even threaten to kill you, in Colombia there are many criminals and some are like hand in hand with the police, but we have to put up with it to see if we can sell what we have" (Interviewee 6, personal communication, November 2, 2023).

One of the things you need to be an entrepreneur, and to know where to sell what you do, and there are parts of Cúcuta where they charge you to sell your things, it is like paying locals who are not street vendors, and if you don't pay, they are even capable of killing you. Sometimes in the center you can sell well, but there you have to be aware of everything and pay a fee so that they don't bother you. That should not be like that, because we should all have the possibilities to improve the economy, but sometimes it even motivates them. (Interviewee 6, personal communication, November 25, 2023).

As evidenced by the narratives, in order to develop a business partnership, migrants must respond to the characteristics of the context, where social problems that affect them, such as extortion, insecurity and stigmatization, are part of the situations they must face permanently.

This type of situation does not allow the development of migrants; recognizing a perspective of human development where it is key to recognize the expansion of freedoms that allows people to have a long, healthy and creative life and that they can achieve all their goals and actively participate in the processes in which they are immersed (Tezanos Vázquez Sergio, 2013).

The third is the scarce generation of business alternatives; this subcategory is related to the tendency of the migrant population to repeat business initiatives and not to innovate, as shown in the following stories:

Entrepreneurship is very important, because it will allow us to generate income that will be useful for our family, in my case I already have my children in Colombia, but there are some girls who send money to Venezuela, the problem is that sometimes we all want to do the same thing, so we all sell coffee, we all have a beauty salon or we all sell candy on the street. (Interviewee 3, personal communication, November 25, 2023.)

That entrepreneurship is more difficult than it is, because there is a lot of competition, sometimes you have an idea and the next day people are already copying it and it is more difficult to do things, what happened to me, and I started selling Venezuelan arepas on the street, very good and with good cheese, and a week later there was another one selling the same thing a block away and that read the business to one. (Interviewee 7, personal communication, December 2, 2023).

As can be seen in the narratives, entrepreneurship must go beyond repeating someone else's business idea, because in order to achieve impact, creativity and innovation are required and many times the migrant population does not have them, due to the tendency to repeat business ideas, this is reflected in the city where day by day more bakeries, stores or barbershops are emerging, which sometimes saturate the market and do not allow the economic development of entrepreneurs.

In addition to the above, it is necessary to recognize that entrepreneurship implies actively participating in relational frameworks that will allow the generation of income Martínez and Gonzales (2020). They raise the importance of the interaction entrepreneurs have with family, friends, other entrepreneurs and institutions of the environment; where three types of links are identified: social (family and friends), institutional (universities, companies, cooperation agencies) and commercial (suppliers, customers, other actors that can develop the entrepreneurship).

From this point of view, it is necessary to integrate the migrant population into the sociocultural processes of the city and to strengthen the links and support networks that allow them to increase the impact of the business partnership.

The fourth sub-category and the lack of entrepreneurial vision and training, its analysis is based on the understanding that learning and training processes are required for entrepreneurship; these go far beyond the generation of business ideas and are related to people's perspectives on income generation, as shown in the following stories.

Now that I am in Colombia, I have realized how difficult it is to achieve entrepreneurship, I thought it was easy to stand up and sell red wine and at night already have a lot of money, but it is more difficult than it seems, for example, at times when you are doing badly and do not feel like doing anything and there are others where you do not feel much competition and that you are wasting your time, also one full of problems of difficult to be a seller, because sometimes it is hard to show a smile so it does not sell easier. I think that one has to study more to improve entrepreneurship. (Interviewee 2, personal communication, November 18, 2023).

The women who are in the association have had some training in entrepreneurship, they have talked to us about the business idea, income generation, maintaining capital; they have even shown us some strategies to sell, sometimes one does not realize how important these things are, just as one studies to become a doctor, it is time to study to become an entrepreneur. (Interviewee 1, personal communication, November 18, 2023.

In the stories it can be seen, that the development of entrepreneurship processes involves the acquisition of skills and competencies that allow participating in real income generation processes, which do not become wear and tear for people and where the expected income objectives are achieved, this implies the need to train people in different aspects among which the following characteristics stand out for Abambari (2016): creativity and innovation, clarity of ideas, ability to face and take risks, knowing how to prioritize, ability to communicate and socialize, tenacity and persistence, flexibility and ability to adapt to circumstances, and optimism and self-confidence.

These characteristics presume different knowledge, some referred to the business idea itself, others related to the hopeful vision of performance, others focused on business capacity and all of them framed in the importance of personal action around responding to the market.

In addition to the above, it is necessary to recognize that for entrepreneurship processes to have an impact, minimum knowledge is required in areas such as accounting, cash flows, the business city, the legality of actions and even in the modern world the use of information and communication technologies is needed and that all of the above allows the generation of innovation.

In addition, it is important to take into account that many migrants arrive in the receiving country, in this case Colombia, with professional training, schooling or qualified skills that they developed in the country of origin; these professional skills are fundamental when generating an entrepreneurial process; the frustration of not having opportunities to perform their profession supports the development of more structured ventures.

An element that surfaced within the findings and that is considered important to refer to is how from their role as entrepreneurs, there is a rescue towards the dignification of the condition of women, the migrants pointed out that leading or participating in entrepreneurship processes, supports the change of imaginaries and heals the stigmatizations towards their feminine condition, sometimes violated, some stories point out:

For us as Venezuelan women, it is more difficult to undertake because we are rejected and discriminated against, sometimes we are even called "venecas" in an ugly way, as if we were less, that is why we have to show by working that we can do things well and as we have learned, if we fall down what we have to do is to get up again, learning from our mistakes, but we can never be satisfied with what we have (Interviewee 1, personal communication, November 18, 2023).

5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The results show that entrepreneurship is a significant strategy for migrant families, related to three key interconnected aspects; the first is the generation of income, the second is socioeconomic integration with the activities of the region and the third is the dignification of the status of women, overcoming the stigmatization of migrants and recognizing their value in the generation of productive projects.

The interpretation of these aspects is based on a complex vision where uniqueness is recognized as the axis of interpretation of reality (Dekocker et al., 2021), knowing that each migrant family has its own conditions and characteristics, but in general they have the need to generate income.

This income generation becomes complex in a city like Cúcuta, characterized by informality and unemployment, having in entrepreneurship the possibility of improving economic conditions; but recognizing that it is not an easy task and that it requires accompaniment, generation of support networks, innovation and significant investments with the migrant population.

Although the national government has launched different initiatives to encourage entrepreneurship in the population, seeking to develop different skills for economic performance, it is evident that they are not enough in the face of the crisis of job opportunities, especially in the city of Cúcuta.

With international cooperation and the support of Territorial Entities from the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism, through the agency Emprendimiento IMPULSA Colombia, two programs have been developed in the department of Norte de Santander, specifically in Cúcuta, Ocaña and Tibú, aimed specifically at the migrant population, who were developing an entrepreneurship program: It was found that an approximate impact of 230 ventures developed by migrants in different sectors of the economy, especially in food area (sale of sausages, cocoa processing, peanut butter processing, peanut cream, Bakery, In the municipalities of Tibú and Ocaña, it was evident that the enterprises transcended the food area and focused on service activities, beauty salons, messenger services, laundry, with emphasis on the opening of hairdressers, barbershops, places for hair care, manicures, etc.

In this perspective, the role of the Colombian State in mobilizing alliances and resources to facilitate dignified conditions for migrant families is important, although Palacios and Peralta (2023) recognize the low capacity of the Colombian State, evidenced in three aspects, the first one being the scarce regulations in terms of recognition of rights for foreigners, the scarce mobilization of resources and the lack of an institutional base to respond to the complexity of the situation.

Actions of the National Government to attend Venezuelan migrants, which is related to entrepreneurship projects: 1) Entrepreneurship Law with an inclusive approach, allows the management and adjustments in the support programs for entrepreneurship allowing the participation of the migrant population. 2) Social entrepreneurship program with iNNpulsa Colombia, focused on innovative and creative solutions aimed at generating income for the migrant population, and 3) Social entrepreneurship program with iNNpulsa Colombia, focused on innovative and creative solutions aimed at generating income for the migrant population.

presented by the private sector. 3) Pilot program for employability and rural entrepreneurship, allowing migrants to be hired and offer agricultural services at their homes in the coffee sector. This pilot program will allow the employment of close to 200 migrants in such tasks, with the capacity to employ 2 million people throughout the country. 4) iNNpulsa Colombia's Social Entrepreneurship Route, which includes migrants 5) Assistance to migrant entrepreneurs in the different Cemprende centers in the country.

The second aspect, which refers to socioeconomic integration, reaffirms that entrepreneurship supports the adaptation processes of the migrant population in the destination cities, as it allows them to recognize and participate in socioeconomic, cultural, family and community patterns when interacting with the host population.

Another important element to take into account is the participation of the different members of the family in the entrepreneurship projects of Venezuelan migrants, since members of their families participate and collaborate in these ventures, usually the husband, partner, mother or children are there supporting and doing different activities, usually it is the women who lead the entrepreneurial processes.

In addition to the above, it is evident that, although the news reports refer to the participation of Venezuelan migrants in criminal acts, the narratives of the women emphasize that the migrant population does not have criminal interests, stressing that what is evident are their unsatisfied needs that they seek to meet with the processes of entrepreneurship, participating in the economic life of the city. Likewise, this integration is also related to the participation in legal processes, training, education and governmental support for the development of economic processes.

This has allowed, through entrepreneurship, to strengthen processes of participation of migrant women in the life of the city and has had a positive impact on the internal dynamics of the association, highlighting issues of empowerment and capacity building of the women who are part of it.

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[1] Magister en Intervención Social en las Sociedades del Conocimiento Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, (España) Docente Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, director del Semillero de Investigación en Transformaciones Sociales SITSO. Colombia. Email: miltonaliermf@ufps.edu-co

[2] Magister en Paz Desarrollo y Resolución de Conflictos. Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Facultad de Educación Artes y Humanidades, Grupo de Investigación en Trabajo Social GITS. Colombia. Email: maritzacarolinajm@ufps.edu.co

[3] Doctor en Educación. Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Facultad de Educación Artes y Humanidades, Grupo de Investigación en Calidad y Evaluación Educativa..Colombia. Email:claudiatoloza@ufps.edu.co