ISSN Electrónico: 2500-9338
Volumen 23-N°1
Año 2023
Págs. 181 – 194
ANALYSIS OF
XENOPHOBIC CONTENT IN THE FAN PAGE OF THE NEWSPAPER THE OPINIÓN IN RELATION TO
THE RETURN OF VENEZUELANS PERIOD 2019-2020
Dimelza
Johanna Villamizar Ramírez *
ORCID link: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1919-2850
Recepción
Date: December 20, 2022
Recepción
Date: March 25, 2023
Abstract:
According to the newsletter of Juan Carlos Mejía Llano
(2022), for the month of May 2022, the social network Facebook has more than
35.15 million users in Colombia, and the discontent generated by more than 50
years of internal conflict leads to this social network, including samples of
xenophobia towards Venezuelan migrants, with recent data of 1,300,000 biometric
records, which in the words of the researcher Lida Ximena Tabares Higuita,
"latent on the network". Social media networks such as La Opinión are
the focus for comments from users with xenophobic thinking and rejection of
Venezuelan migrants, as proven by previous studies by researchers such as
Santiago Almeida Daza (2020), who studied how xenophobia was legitimized
through of the press, taking the newspapers La Opinión and El Tiempo as the
object of study, therefore, this research with a mixed methodological approach
and non-experimental methodological design analyzes the comments of users on
news published on the Fan Page of the newspaper La Opinión that deal with the
issue of migration; characterizing the phenomenon through a descriptive level
to identify the relationships between variables and developing a picture of the
subject, through a case study, establishing cause-effect relationships with the
level of explanatory research, with the aim of detecting how xenophobia is
generated through of the interactions of the fan page of La Opinión around the
news of the return of Venezuelan migrants, between March and September 2020.
* Comunicadora Social, de la Universidad
de Pamplona- Colombia. Docente abscrito al programa de Comunicación Social de
la Universidad de Pamplona. Contacto: dimelsa.villamizar@unipamplona.edu.co
The present investigation analyzed the forms of
interaction, reaction and participation of the followers of the official
Facebook page of the newspaper "La Opinión", (regional newspaper,
with its main headquarters in the city of Cúcuta - capital of North Santander)
in the space provided for the participation of Internet users regarding the
news content generated by this medium.This from the boom in which social
networks are found, such as Facebook, where journalists and many media migrate
to these platforms to be able to bring news and information to their different
audiences, which opt for these media. to get information quickly.To achieve
this, some analysis sheets were made that allowed determining the contents with
which a greater interaction was generated by the users, where those contents
that are written briefly and with easy-to-understand terminology predominate.On
the other hand, it is possible to determine the type of content that generates
more interaction on the part of the users, exposed through shares, reactions
and comments, the latter allow to identify the type of discourse they handle,
the use of verbal and non-verbal language , the type of content preferred by
them and the different forms of participation with the content.
Keywords: Social Networks - Facebook -
Digital Journalism - Interaction - Discourse - xenophobia - migration.
ANÁLISIS DE CONTENIDO XENOFÓBICO EN EL
FAN PAGE DEL DIARIO LA OPINIÓN CON RELACIÓN AL RETORNO DE VENEZOLANOS PERIODO
2019-2020
Resumen:
Según el boletín de
Juan Carlos Mejía Llano (2022), para el mes de mayo de 2022 La red social
Facebook cuenta con más de 35.15 millones de usuarios en Colombia, y el
descontento que generan más de 50 años de conflicto interno se desemboca en
esta red social, incluyendo las muestras de xenofobia hacia los migrantes
venezolanos, con datos recientes de 1.300.000 registros biométricos, lo que en
palabras de la investigadora Lida Ximena Tabares Higuita, “latente en la red”.
Redes sociales de medios de comunicación como La Opinión son foco para los
comentarios de usuarios con pensamiento xenofóbico y de rechazo hacia los
migrantes venezolanos, como lo prueban estudios previos de investigadores como
Santiago Almeida Daza (2020) quien estudió cómo se legitimó la xenofobia a
través de la prensa, tomando como objeto de estudio a los diarios La Opinión y
El Tiempo, por eso , esta investigación con enfoque metodológico mixto y diseño
metodológico no experimental analiza los comentarios de usuarios sobre noticias
publicadas en la Fan Page del Diario La Opinión que tratan el tema de la
migración; caracterizando el fenómeno mediante un nivel descriptivo para
identificar las relaciones entre variables y elaborando un cuadro del tema,
mediante un estudio de caso, estableciendo relaciones de causa- efecto con el
nivel de investigación explicativa, con el objetivo de detectar cómo se genera
xenofobia a través de las interacciones del fan page de La Opinión en torno a
las noticias del retorno de migrantes venezolanos, entre marzo y septiembre de
2020. La presente investigación, analizó
las formas de interacción, de reacción y de participación, de los
seguidores de la página oficial de Facebook de periódico “La Opinión”,
(periódico regional, con su sede principal en la ciudad de Cúcuta – capital de
Norte de Santander) en el espacio dispuesto para la participación de los
internautas referente a los contenidos noticiosos generados por este medio.
Esto a partir del auge en el que se encuentran las redes sociales como es el
caso de Facebook, en donde los periodistas y muchos medios de comunicación
migran a estas plataformas para poder llevar noticias e información a sus
diferentes públicos, los cuales optan por estos medios para lograr informarse
de manera rápida. Para lograr esto, se realizaron unas fichas de análisis que
permitieron determinar los contenidos con los que se generaba una mayor
interacción por parte de los usuarios, en donde predominan aquellos contenidos
que son redactados de forma breve y con terminología fácil de entender. Por
otra parte, se logra determinar el tipo de contenidos que genera más
interacción por parte de los usuarios, expuesto a través de compartidos,
reacciones y comentarios, estos últimos permiten identificar el tipo de
discurso que manejan, el uso del lenguaje verbal y no verbal, el tipo de
contenido preferido por ellos y las diferentes formas de participación con los
contenidos.
Palabras clave: Redes
Sociales – Facebook – Periodismo Digital – Interacción – Discurso – xenofobia –
migración.
ANÁLISE DE CONTEÚDO XENÓFOBO NA FAN PAGE DO JORNAL LA OPINIÓN EM RELAÇÃO
AO RETORNO DE VENEZUELANOS, PERÍODO 2019-2020.
Resumo:
De acordo com o boletim
de Juan Carlos Mejía Llano (2022), para o mês de maio de 2022 A rede social
Facebook tem mais de 35,15 milhões de usuários na Colômbia, e o
descontentamento gerado por mais de 50 anos de conflito interno flui para esta
rede social, incluindo manifestações de xenofobia em relação aos migrantes
venezuelanos, com dados recentes de 1.300.000 registros biométricos, que nas
palavras da pesquisadora Lida Ximena Tabares Higuita, "latente na
rede". As redes sociais como La Opinión são um foco de comentários de
utilizadores com pensamentos xenófobos e de rejeição em relação aos migrantes
venezuelanos, como evidenciado por estudos anteriores de investigadores como
Santiago Almeida Daza (2020), que estudou como a xenofobia foi legitimada
através da imprensa, Assim, esta investigação, com uma abordagem metodológica
mista e um desenho metodológico não-experimental, analisa os comentários dos
utilizadores às notícias publicadas na Fan Page do jornal La Opinión que
abordam o tema da migração, caracterizando o fenómeno através de um nível
descritivo; caraterizar o fenómeno através de um nível descritivo para
identificar as relações entre variáveis e elaborar uma imagem do assunto,
através de um estudo de caso, estabelecendo relações de causa-efeito com o
nível de pesquisa explicativa, com o objetivo de detetar como a xenofobia é
gerada através das interacções da página de fãs do La Opinión em torno da
notícia do regresso dos migrantes venezuelanos, entre março e setembro de 2020.
Esta investigação analisou as formas de interação, reação e participação dos
seguidores da página oficial do Facebook do jornal "La Opinión" (um jornal
regional com sede na cidade de Cúcuta - capital do Norte de Santander) no
espaço disponibilizado para a participação dos internautas em relação ao
conteúdo noticioso gerado por este meio. Isso se deve ao boom das redes sociais
como o Facebook, onde jornalistas e muitos veículos de comunicação migram para
essas plataformas a fim de levar notícias e informações aos seus diferentes
públicos, que optam por esses meios para obter informações rápidamente. Para
tal, foram criadas fichas de análise para determinar os conteúdos que geraram
mais interação por parte dos utilizadores, com predominância de conteúdos
escritos de forma breve e com terminologia de fácil compreensão. Por outro
lado, é possível determinar o tipo de conteúdo que gera mais interação por
parte dos utilizadores, exposto através de partilhas, reacções e comentários,
estes últimos permitem-nos identificar o tipo de discurso que utilizam, o uso
de linguagem verbal e não verbal, o tipo de conteúdo preferido por eles e as
diferentes formas de participação com o conteúdo.
Palavras-chave: Redes Sociais - Facebook - Jornalismo Digital -
Interação - Discurso - xenofobia - migração.
1. INTRODUCTION:
The research was developed in the field of studies on migrants, framing
itself in one of the least studied lines, which is return migration: as well as
in research on hate speech, especially on social networks and with xenophobic
content, becoming in a pioneering investigation when dealing with both issues
including the topic of return migration, one of the methodological frameworks
with the least bibliography due to its complexity; as well as in a mirror and
time capsule around the sociocultural phenomena on the Colombian-Venezuelan
border between Norte de Santander and the Venezuelan state of Táchira.
The investigations of Lida Ximena Tabares Higuita were able to determine
indications about "a phenomenon that is beginning to become latent on the
Internet among some Latin Americans due to the political situation in the
country." (2018) this being the hate and xenophobic speech in the
interactions of Fan Pages of Colombian media on the social network Facebook, a
worrying fact in a nation that by March 2022 had around 1,300,000 refugees. Faced
with this problem, the main research question was: What types of xenophobic
content are generated on the La Opinión newspaper Facebook Fan Page in relation
to the return of Venezuelans to their country of origin, between March and
September 2020? and to answer it, the contents of the newspaper La Opinión were
explored on its Facebook page in the binary interval from March to September
2020, describing the xenophobic comments regarding the return of Venezuelans to
their country and interpreting the data coding in their analysis of
contents.First of all, the research seeks to demonstrate the need to reduce the
xenophobic content that is used when responding to topics such as return
migration that greatly affect the Colombian-Venezuelan border between Norte de
Santander and Táchira, trying to eliminate the culture of acceptance. of
xenophobia, in addition to contributing to studies for the reduction of
xenophobia in favor of democracy, tolerance and respect and also supporting
theoretical construction in border studies, especially in the field of social
sciences, as a research model to follow .
Among the international and national precedents, cases
were found around hate speech and xenophobia on Facebook, but at the local
level it was difficult to find studies on the subject, finding only works
around the construction of daily imperfect peace of young migrants in Cúcuta
(Andrade, 2022) and identity forms of the border region of Táchira and Norte de
Santander (Bustamante de Pernía and Chacón, 2013) emphasizing the importance of
being a pioneering investigation around issues of hate speech and xenophobia in
social networks and migration of return at the Colombian-Venezuelan border,
which according to data from Colombia Migration, for the month of July 2020,
90,000 migrants crossed the Simón Bolívar international bridge and the trails,
which led the president of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro, to use the derogatory
term of "Trocheros" against their compatriots, even ordering the army
to guard the border.
The methodological focus of the research is mixed, which for Creswell
Clark (2006) is a research strategy or methodology with which the researcher
collects, analyzes and mixes (integrates or connects) quantitative and
qualitative data in a single study or a multiphase program of inquiry, while
for Tashakkori and Teddlie (2009 and 2003) they constitute a class of research
designs, in which quantitative and qualitative approaches are used in the type
of questions, research methods, data collection, analysis procedures and
inferences.The research also has a non-experimental and documentary
methodological design, because it does not manipulate the variables (Sampieri,
Collado and Lucio, 2001) and documentary because the comments of the Fan Page
of the newspaper La Opinión were analyzed, taking into account investigative
documents that supported the reading, analysis and subsequent writing of the
document.
The level of the investigation is used that of case study and
explanatory investigation, when developing an intensive search for a social
unit, collecting information about the existing situation, analyzing sequences
and interrelationships of the factors to elaborate a broad and integrated
picture of the social unit, from a carefully selected sample to reach a conclusion
in the midst of a deeper level of knowledge.
This population was 569,000 average readers of the newspaper La Opinión,
data based on interactions, delivered in October 2022 in a meeting with the
journalist Karina Judex Balaguera, director of La Opinión Digital in person for
this investigation and an intentional sample of published news. on even or odd
days (it is an example to categorize, have a delimiter) in which the processes
of return to their place of origin were discussed; as well as a sub-sample of
all the Facebook posts that spoke of the returnee to their place of origin with
xenophobic nuances: using non-participant observation and the model of social
uses of communication by Jesús Martín Barbero, which combines an analytical
research strategy analysis of the reception of media with a theoretical
exploration proposal called "study of mediations and uses social uses of
communication”, combining means and mediations, with the aim of mediating in
the face of social and cultural inequalities by being an actor in the
construction of a democratic society, and in the case of this work, not
xenophobic, taking into account that in Through communication technologies
there are more questions than answers.
This project's focus, as its purpose, is to explore the contents of the
La Opinión newspaper on its Facebook page in a binary interval (from March to
September 2020), on xenophobic aspects, as well as describing xenophobic
comments from the ways in which they are presented. (reactions and comments), regarding
the return of Venezuelans to their country on the Facebook page of the
newspaper La Opinión, which allows interpreting the coding of the data in the
content analysis.
Based on the social problems evidenced in the return of Venezuelan
citizens, taking as a reference the content disseminated on the Facebook fan
page of the newspaper La Opinión, we will proceed to investigate the presence
of messages with xenophobic content on social networks to carry out a
classification of the different reactions of netizens, proceeding to identify
them and carry out a study that allows them to be known; with the aim of
reducing the xenophobic content used when responding to topics such as return
migration that affect the Colombian-Venezuelan border between Norte de Santander
and Táchira.
The importance of studies regarding the scope of freedom of expression
in social networks are highlighted in the accessibility of the medium so that
people can give their opinion without a filter, prioritizing aggressive
comments, where even these are cheered, in a culture of acceptance of
xenophobia, and this work is justified as an investigative contribution
regarding social phenomena that occur on land borders such as the
Colombian-Venezuelan one between Norte de Santander and the Táchira State and
its permeability in social networks, providing a theoretical framework for
research around studies on border issues, social networks and studies to reduce
xenophobia, given that users believe in total freedom to speak, demean and
dishonor because it is also easy to react negatively through the multiple
options it provides the social network and it turns out that if it lends itself
to triggering different opinions, there is the option of eliminating it and
making sure nothing has happened, because there is still no duly standardized
control.
It is expected to make a contribution to the analysis studies focused on
the reduction of xenophobia in social networks around issues that concern the
Colombian-Venezuelan border between Norte de Santander and the State of
Táchira, benefiting not only the construction of an academic discourse in pro
democracy, tolerance and respect, but also supporting theoretical construction
in border studies, especially in the field of social science research. The importance
of identifying the problem leads us to point out that the research was
developed in the field of studies on migrants, framing itself in one of the
least studied lines, which is return migration: as well as in research on the
discourses of hate, especially on social networks and with xenophobic content. In
terms of degree projects, research has been carried out that somehow approaches
topics such as xenophobia, hate speech and migration, but this research is
pioneering in dealing with both topics, including the topic of return
migration, one of the the methodological frameworks with less bibliography due
to their complexity.
According to the changing nature of the topics covered in this research,
the possible evolution will be observed in the analysis of the bibliographic
sources and the study material, which are the comments on the Facebook Fan Page
of the newspaper La Opinión, on a date determined, becoming a mirror of these
sociocultural phenomena on the Colombian-Venezuelan border between Norte de Santander
and the Venezuelan state of Táchira. Facebook is a social network in which
different media have ventured seeking to reach their audience in a more timely
and rapid manner, becoming an information tool that transcends, being the
future of communications. In everyday life people express their feelings
through comments, judgments and opinions about the reality in which they find
themselves; Facebook has 2,936 million users worldwide for the first quarter of
2022, approximately, while in Colombia it has more than 15 million users, being
a country that has suffered from violence for more than 50 years and although
many people do not live this problem up close, their reaction to certain
situations becomes violent or aggressive most of the time, in this case, using
Facebook as a means to vent their discontent with the phenomenon that is
migration as shown by the investigations of Lida Ximena Tabares Higuita, who
developed a work entitled ―Analysis of violent and hate speech in two Facebook
groups against Rodrigo Londoño Timochenko's candidacy for the presidency of
Colombia where it was even found, among 42 messages analyzed from a Facebook
group called ―Antiuribista a message of hate focused on Venezuelans, where they
are called "donkeys", which the researcher determines as
discrimination against migrants, stating that a first indication of a
phenomenon that begins to become latent in the network among some Latin
Americans due to the political situation of the country.
Colombia is one of the countries with the most immigrants in the world,
according to data published by the UN in 2019, by March 2022, around 1,300,000
Venezuelan refugees and migrants completed their biometric registration to
access the PPT, and More than 2 million people have already registered to
access the PPT, exceeding the initial goal of 1.8 million migrants and
refugees.
Due to these situations, many are the news that are published daily by
the newspaper La Opinión showing the different social realities and
circumstances that are constantly seen, where netizens react to these through
comments, which usually show xenophobic thinking and rejection. , due to the
massive presence of Venezuelan citizens in all parts of the country, taking up
the words of Ximena Tabares Higuita: ―phenomenon that begins to become latent
in the network among some Latin Americans due to the political situation in the
country.‖ (2018) many are people who feel fear, since they are accused of being
the main perpetrators of different crimes and the focus of infection and
exacerbation of the current health situation in the country.
Seeking to analyze this social phenomenon, the following question was
raised: What types of xenophobic content are generated on the La Opinión
newspaper Facebook Fan Page in relation to the return of Venezuelans to their
country of origin, between March and September 2020?
In the national investigative field, we have the work of Lida Tabares,
where she was able to confirm how the presence of hate speech in Facebook
groups stems from the positions of the groups and their forms of content. Also
included in the state of the art is the campaign by UNHCR emphasized in the
media, as a basis for generating citizen awareness above labels, as well as
support for migrants, deflating stereotypes that show a conflicting image. of
migration, thinking of the Venezuelan as a person and not as a herd.
The state of the local art is what allows us to glimpse the need for
investigative work, finding an investigation by Natalia Andrade on rebellion as
a way of building everyday imperfect peace in young migrants in Cúcuta, which
shows the advances that human mobilization brings to peaceful coexistence,
interculturality and conflict transformation, recognizing migratory movements
as scenarios of peace. Also counting the investigation of Ana Bustamante de
Pernía and Edison Chacón on identity forms in the border region between Táchira
and Norte de Santander, which manages to show points in common between the
citizen of the border area, who above all does not want obstacles in the
crossing border, also evidencing phenomena and symbols typical of the border
area.
The research work locates the issue of xenophobia in the public debate,
as it is an ideological behavior located in history, which remains beyond the
social and cultural particularities of human groups, normalized, where it is
thought that what is alien to the environment it is bad.The research tends
towards the creation of a culture of inclusion and equality, taking into account
the social nature of which human beings and, particularly, young people are a
part, as generators of change and movements that have shaken their closest
circles. , even the institutions that make up the society in which they
develop.
3. METHODOLOGY:
The methodological focus of the research is mixed,
which for Creswell Clark (2006) is a research strategy or methodology with
which the researcher collects, analyzes and mixes (integrates or connects)
quantitative data and qualitative in a single study or a multiphase research
program, while for Tashakkori and Teddlie (2009 and 2003) they constitute a
class of research designs, in which quantitative and qualitative approaches are
used in the type of questions, methods of research, data collection, analysis procedures
and inferences.
The research also has a non-experimental and
documentary methodological design, because it does not manipulate the variables
(Sampieri, Collado and Lucio, 2001) and documentary because the comments of the
Fan Page of the newspaper La Opinión were analyzed, also taking into account
investigative documents that supported reading, analysis and subsequent writing
of the research document.
The level of the research was case study and
explanatory research, when developing an intensive search for a social unit,
collecting information about the existing situation, analyzing sequences and
interrelationships of the factors to develop a comprehensive and integrated
picture of the social unit. , from a carefully selected sample to reach a conclusion
in the middle of a deeper level of knowledge.
The population object of the investigation is cited in
569,000 average readers of La Opinión Digital where the intentional sampling
classifies the sample of those news located on the days, where issues of return
to the places of origin are dealt with. After determining the stratification of
the sub-sample, the affixation is carried out, choosing all those Facebook
publications that deal with the returnee to their place of origin with
xenophobic nuances.
The ways in which comments are presented on a Facebook
page are: reactions (I like it, I love it, it makes me angry, I care, it makes
me sad, it amuses me) where there are 6 types where one of its objectives is
directly proportional to the comments that possibly they were given to the post
in question. Additionally, the reactions allow generating more accurate
statistics in relation to the impact on audiences, the delimitation of niches
and determination of content of interest.
Comments, which are an initial Facebook tool, allow
users to textually express their reactions to the post to which they want to
refer.The information collected and analyzed was temporarily delimited to 7
months taking into account a binary delimitation (allowing the time of 2 months
to elapse) being related to xenophobia in the return of Venezuelan citizens in
2020, time of COVID 19.
From the instruments and the article, a proposal is
built for the writing of news that promotes a state of imperfect peace,
starting from the positive comments that were not altered in the third
instrument, where the need of Internet users for moderation of news is
connoted. the messages that are transmitted in the mass media, in order to
build the proposal from the same results.
The proposal has the name of "Communication
strategy in favor of the generation of positive spaces in defense of human
rights and respect for diversity from the ethical task of social communication
before the publication of news about Colombian-Venezuelan migration" and was
created from the comments taken in the third instrument, who point out examples
of how, for example, the headlines are the ones that lead to the violent
reactions of Internet users.
The same comments pointed out how the handling of the
news from the titles is what leads people to react violently, not giving way to
discussion, and not manipulating the comments allows the construction of peace
to be done from the authors themselves. social being studied. An example is the
comment of the Internet user Luz Marina Castañeda regarding the news:
"Discriminatory publications in networks increase 347% after statements by
Claudia López" which reads as follows:
"POLICITIZING INSECURITY, DEATH AND CRIME AGAINST
COLOMBIANS AND ON THE OTHER HAND THE PAINFUL SITUATION OF THE VENEZUELAN
BROTHERS LEADING A STATEMENT BY THE MAYOR TO EXTREMISMS" which shows how,
from the headline, playing with the politicization of social phenomena leads to
comments loaded with xenophobia against the migrant population. The comments
are not manipulated so that the construction of the strategy starts from the
same social subjects that are studied in this project, which are the Internet
users.
Internet user Quintana Quintana's comment on the news
item "Migratory flows in Norte de Santander will be reviewed"
highlights the need to use reliable statistical data to prepare the news item:
"Of every 100 crimes committed in Colombia, 1 is committed by a
Venezuelan, that is, 99.91% of Venezuelans are not criminals.”
The news of
Friday, November 18, 2020 "Venezuelan Christmas exodus" generated a
good amount of positive comments, where the need for a more empathetic
discourse on migration and public health issues was demonstrated, above
political agendas. .
Comments like
Johann Torrado's: “I see a lot of people who read the news and don't understand
it... Read and understand! People are dissatisfied with the Venezuelan
government for not opening on that side... And those who are dissatisfied with
Colombia is because they are patients with terminal illnesses" reflect the
need to also generate a culture of correct reading of the news, beyond
statements, for a better understanding of social phenomena.
In the third instrument, favorable comments are
highlighted, which received negative reactions from Internet users, such as
those who propose different solutions to the violent responses that are read in
the comments, demonstrating that there are more solutions, apart from jail, the
return to their country of origin, and the stigma of insecurity to which
walkers are subjected, summing up, for the moment, in three options that were
based on the instruments.
The "Communication strategy in favor of the
generation of positive spaces in defense of human rights and respect for
diversity from the ethical task of social communication before the publication
of news about Colombian-Venezuelan migration" is based on three
principles: 1) Non-politicization of the topics to be dealt with from the
headlines, which could be called "Writing of objective news
headlines" 2) Management of reliable statistical data to avoid
generalization and 3) Recommendations for concise reading of news to generate
more objective comments, more beyond the heated spirits.
What the positive comments reveal is the need for a
minority on social networks to generate a debate with better arguments for more
democratic and empathetic social networks.
4- RESULT :
Due to the results obtained through the applied
instruments, the communication strategy is proposed in favor of the generation
of positive spaces in defense of human rights and respect for diversity from
the ethical task of social communication before the publication of news about
the Colombian Venezuelan migration.
Thanks to the comments, the discussion of the
management of information in journalistic media that manage social networks
around ethics and social responsibility of veracity is proposed, being the same
comments and reactions those that indicate, in the midst of xenophobia, how to
build a positive and truthful environment on sensitive issues such as xenophobia,
return migration, the pandemic, among others.
The same comments pointed out how the handling of the
news from the titles is what leads people to react violently, not giving way to
discussion, and not manipulating the comments allows the construction of peace
to be done from the authors themselves social being studied.
The study of these comments were what allowed us to
take into account the contexts of xenophobia and discrimination for the
analysis, as well as the favorable comments that received negative reactions
from netizens, these are the ones that were highlighted to celebrate these
points of view against negative comments such as those who ask for jail, return
them to their country of origin or stigmatize them as sources of insecurity due
to their presence in Colombia.
This research concluded that although studies on
return migration and hate speech on social networks are a subject under
construction, the proposed research becomes a theoretical support for its
development in the phenomenon that occurred at the border. Colombian Venezuelan
between Cúcuta and San Antonio del Táchira offering a proposal that allows
building a communication strategy for the defense of rights and respect for the
diversity left by migration, starting from the means of communication that is
studied, which leads to the conclusion that each The proposal for a culture of
peace must arise from the same object that is being studied, in this case, the
Facebook fan page of La Opinión and the comments and reactions of netizens,
where future researchers are recommended not to generalize, as one does. of the
approaches of the state, by the authors Ana Marleny Bustamante de Pernía and
Edison Chacón called "Identity forms in the border region of Táchira
(Venezuela) - Norte de Santander (Colombia)" which, although it reflects
the rejection of border citizens towards the state authorities, this work shows
that these attitudes should not be generalized, and that little by little
credibility is recovered in public entities, which demonstrates the changing
nature of the migratory phenomenon.Unlike the aforementioned work, this
analysis goes beyond trite border issues such as smuggling, micro-trafficking,
crime and the presence of armed groups.
This project ends with a proposal that starts from the
comments identified as results in the applied instruments to generate a better
discussion framework around the management of information in the journalistic
media for more ethical and responsible treatments of the news, where veracity
is essential. The one that should take precedence over issues such as
xenophobia, return migration and pandemics; Topics that continue to be the
subject of research in the social sciences.
5- CONCLUSIONS:
It is concluded that although studies on return
migration and hate speech on social networks are a subject under construction,
this work becomes a theoretical support for its development in the phenomenon
that occurred on the Colombian-Venezuelan border between Cúcuta and San Antonio
del Táchira because it offers a proposal that allows the construction of a
communication strategy for the defense of rights and respect for the diversity
that migration leaves, starting from the means of communication that is studied,
which allows us to conclude that each proposal for a culture of peace it must
arise from the same object that is studied, in this case, the Facebook fan page
of La Opinión and the comments and reactions of netizens.
The debate revolves around the academic construction
of return migration and hate speech and xenophobia in social networks due to
the dynamics of the Colombian-Venezuelan border between Cúcuta and the state of
Táchira, making this thesis a turning point in the studies that are carried out
in the same border area, when talking about the return migration that was
generated after the Covid 19 pandemic.
Taking the state of the art, the intention of the
research by Mónica Dzul and Edwin Payán was respected ―Youth and xenophobia in
virtual social networks: present or not? The case of Facebook from the
perspective of a group of university students" that tends towards the
creation of a culture of inclusion and equality, but goes beyond the fact that
only young people are the generators of change, opening it to a larger
spectrum, netizens.
The work also attends to the studies of Yulieth
Torvisco and Giancarlo Gomero
―Public opinion in the face of a case of racism in
social networks, the case of congresswoman Martha Chavez‖ that recommends researchers to analyze the contexts
where xenophobia is normalized, as well as the modalities of racism. The
project goes beyond the approach to violent discourse on social networks that
was evidenced in the thesis of Lida Ximena Tabares Higuita ―Analysis of violent
and hate speech in two Facebook groups against the candidacy of Rodrigo Londoño
―Timochenko‖ for the presidency from Colombia.
The premise of this work that advocates generating
reconciliation processes for the change towards a less violent language was taken,
for this reason a proposal that arose from the data collected during the
investigation was chosen. The data from the UNHCR campaign ―Venezuelan in
Colombia: Strategy and creativity in communication and media‖ served as an input to disseminate proposals that
start from the same citizenship that supports the migrant population, seeking
to deflate the stereotypes that show a negative image of this Social
phenomenon.
Natalia Andrade's thesis ―Rebellion as a daily
imperfect way of building peace for young migrants in Cúcuta‖ contributed to the justification of the research
because it studied the advances of human mobility for peaceful coexistence,
interculturality and conflict transformation towards the construction of
imperfect and daily peace, recognizing migratory movements as scenarios to
promote empathy, interculturality and solidarity based on daily relationships
between the migrant and host communities.
The data from Ana Marleny Bustamante de Pernía and
Edison Chacón's thesis ―Identity forms in the border region of Táchira
(Venezuela) - Norte de Santander (Colombia)‖ also gained importance in order to identify the
inhabitants of this Latin American region, without ignoring the socioeconomic
situation of both nations that lead the inhabitants to adopt identity traits at
their convenience, assuming a position of border citizen.
Although this thesis reflects the rejection of state
authorities, this work shows that these attitudes should not be generalized,
and that little by little credibility is recovered in public entities, which
demonstrates the changing nature of the migratory phenomenon.
Unlike the aforementioned work, this work goes beyond
hackneyed border issues such as smuggling, micro-trafficking, crime and the
presence of armed groups.
This project ends with a proposal that starts from the
comments on the results of the instruments to generate a better discussion
framework around the management of information in the journalistic media for
more ethical and responsible treatments of the news, where veracity is what
should be prime on issues such as xenophobia, return migration and pandemics;
topics that continue to be the subject of research in the social sciences.
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