EVALUACION DE LA ASIMETRÍA BILATERAL EN EL SALTO VERTICAL CON CONTRAMOVIMIENTO EN SUJETOS CON ACTIVIDAD FISICA FEDERADA, AFICIONADA Y SEDENTARIA
Palabras clave:
Asimetría bilateral, Salto vertical, BiomecánicaResumen
El objetivo principal de la investigación fue establecer la validez y fiabilidad del salto vertical en contramovimiento para la evaluación de la asimetría bilateral, y el análisis de rendimiento, en sujetos con niveles de actividad física federada, aficionada y sedentaria, de igual manera comprobar si el test de Bosco permite el análisis de rendimiento de sujetos que realizan actividades físicas y deportivas especificas. Para ello se aplico el protocolo de Bosco, empleando una plataforma de contacto SportJUMP System PRO, el SPSS para el análisis estadístico. Participaron en el estudio (N=181) sujetos, de los cuales (N=68) eran sedentarios,
(N=85) aficionados y (N=28) federados, la totalidad de los sujetos estaba dividido en grupos de (N=149) hombres y (N=32) mujeres.
Los resultados obtenidos no muestran diferencias significativas en la asimetría bilateral tanto en hombres como en mujeres ya que se encuentran en un rango muy bueno de valoración de la asimetría bilateral. En saltos SJ, CMJ Y ABK las diferencias más significativas se encuentran en los sujetos federados o profesionales, ya que se encuentran al mismo nivel que los sedentarios y
los aficionados.
Descargas
Citas
Augustsson, J., R. Thomee, C. Linden, M.
Folkesson, R.Tranberg, and J. Karlsson.
Single-leg hop testing followingfatiguing
exercise: reliability and biomechanical
analysis. Scand.J. Med. Sci. Sports 16:111–
, 2006.
Atkinson, G., and A. M. Nevill. Statistical
methods for assessingmeasurement error
(reliability) in variables relevant to
sportsmedicine. Sports Med. 26:217–238,
Aragon-Vargas, L.F and Gross, M (1997)
"Kinesiological factors in vertical jump
performance : differences among
individuals" J of Applied Biomechanics, 13,
-44.
Aragon-Vargas, L.F and Gross, M (1997)
"Kinesiological factors in vertical jump
performance : differences among
individuals" J of Applied Biomechanics, 13,
-44.
Abernethy, P., G. Wilson, and P. Logan.
Strength and powerassessment. Issues,
controversies and challenges. Sports Med.
:401–417, 1995.
Archontides C, Fazey JA (1993) Inter-limb
interactions and constraints
in the expression of maximum force: a
review, some implications and suggested
underlying mechanisms. J Sports Sci
:145–158
Altman, D. G., and J. M. Bland. Quartiles,
quintiles, centiles, andother quantiles. BMJ
:996, 1994.
Alexander, M.J.L. (1989) "The relationship
between muscle strength and sprint
kinematics in elite sprinters" Canadian
Journal of Sports Science, 14, 148-157.
Basmajian J, DeLuca C Muscles alive, 5th
edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Clancy E, Olijeta B, Rancourt D (2006)
Influence of advanced electromyogram
(EMG) amplitude processors on EMG-totorque
estimation during constant-posture,
force-varying contractions. J Biomech
:2690–2698
Collado Vázquez, S. (2004) “Plataformas
dinamométricas. Aplicaciones” Revista de la
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Vol. 3- año
Croisier, J. L., V. Reveillon, J. M. FERRET,
et al. Isokinetic assessment of knee flexors
and extensors in professional soccer players.
Isokinet. Exerc. Sci. 11:61–62, 2003.
Bobbert, M.F. Houdijk, H. De Koning, J. and
De Groot, G. (2002) "From a one-legged
vertical jump to the speed-skating push-off: a
simulation study" J. of Applied
Biomechanics, Vol.18, Issue 1. 28-46.
Bissas, A; Cooke, C; Havenedetis, K,
Paradisis, G (1996) "Relationships between
power output test and sprint running
performance" En. Marconnet, P (ed) et al.,
First annual congress, frontiers in sport
science, the European perspective. May 28-
, 1996, Nice, France.
Bosco, C. (1994) "La valoración de la fuerza
con el test de Bosco" Ed. Paidotribo,
Barcelona.
Barber, S. D., F. R. Noyes, R. Mangine, and
M. Demaio.Rehabilitation after ACL
reconstruction: function testing.
Orthopedics15:969–974, 1992.
Barber, S. D., F. R. Noyes, R. E. Mangine, J.
W. Mccloskey, and
W. Hartman. Quantitative assessment of
functional limitations innormal and anterior
cruciate ligament-deficient knees.
Clin.Orthop. Relat. Res. (255):204–214,
Bobbert, M.F. Huijing, P.A. Van Ingen, G.J
(1987b) "Drop jumping II. The influence of
technique on biomechanics of jumping"
Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 19. 339-346.
Cresswell AG, Ovendal AH (2002) Muscle
activation and torque development during
maximal unilateral and bilateral isokinetic
knee extensions. J Sports Med Phys Fitness
:19–25
Croisier, J. L., B. Forthomme, M. H.
Namurois, M. Vanderthommen, and J. M.
Crielaard. Hamstring muscle
strainrecurrence and strength performance
disorders. Am. J. Sports Med. 30:199–203,
Chirosa, L.J. Chirosa, I.J. Requena, B.
Feriche, B. Padial, P. (2002) “Efecto de
diferentes métodos de entrenamiento de
contraste para la mejora de la fuerza de impulsión en un salto vertical”. Revista
motricidad. Número 8, páginas 47-71.
Driss, T, Vandewalle, H, Le Chevalier, J-M,
Monod, H. (2002) "Force Velocity
relationship on a cycle ergometer and kneeextensor
strength indices" Canadian Journal
of Applied Physiology, Vol.27, Issue 3.
Clark, N. C. Functional performance testing
following knee ligament injury. Phys. Ther.
Sport 2:91–105, 2001.
Croisier, J. L., and J. M. Crielaard. Isokinetic
exercise and sports injuries. Rev. Med. Liege
:360–368, 2001.
Dowson, M.N., Nevill, M.E., Lakomy, A.M.,
Nevill, A.M, and Hazeldine, R.J (1998)
"Modelling the relationship between
isokinetic muscle strength and sprint running
performance" J. Sports Science, 16, 257-265.
DeLuca C (1997) The use of surface
electromyography in biomechanics.
J Appl Biomech 13:133–163
Dudley, G.A and Harris, R.T (1992) "Use of
electrical stimulation in strength and power
training" Chapter 14. Strength and power in
sport. Ed. Paavo V. Komi. Oxford. England.
Sekiya, I., T. Muneta, T. Ogiuchi, K.
Yagishita, and H. Yamamoto. Significance
of the single-legged hop test to the anterior
cruciate ligament-reconstructed knee in
relation to muscle strength and anterior
laxity. Am. J. Sports Med. 26:384–388,
Farina D, Merletti R, Enoka R (2004) The
extraction of neural strategies from the
surface EMG. J Appl Physiol 96:1486–1495
Ferragut, C. Cortadillas, J. Arteaga, R.
Calbet. J. A. L. (2003) “Predicción de la
altura de salto vertical. Importancia del
impulso mecánico y de la masa muscular de
las extremidades inferiores”. Revista
Motricidad. European Journal of Human
Movement Nº10, 7-22.
Fatouros, I.G, Jamurtas, A.Z. Leontsini, D.
Taxildaris, K. Aggelousis, N. Kostopoulos,
N and Buckenmeyer, P. (2000) "Evaluation
of plyometric exercise training, weight
training, and their combination on vertical
jumping performance and legs strength" J.
Strength and Cond. Res. 14(4), 470-476.
García-Artero, E. Ortega porcel, F. B. Ruiz
Ruiz, J. Carreño Gálvez, F. (2006) “Base
Fisiológica y efectos funcionales”. Dpto.
Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina,
Universidad de Granada. Grupo Effects-262
Garcia Manso, J.M (1999) "La fuerza"
Madrid, España. Ed. Gymnos.
Garcia Manso, J.M. Navarro Valdivielso, M.
Ruiz Caballero, J.A. and Martín Acero, R.
(1998) "La velocidad" Madrid. España. Ed.
Gymnos
Hernandez JP, Nelson-White NL, Franke
WD, McLean SP (2003) Bilateral index
expressions and iEMG activity in older
versus younger adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci
Med Sci 58:M536–M541
Hsu, A. L., P. F. Tang, and M. H. Jan. Testretest
reliability of isokinetic muscle strength
of the lower extremities in patients with
stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83:1130–
, 2002.
Hopper, D. M., S. C. Goh, L. A. Wentworth,
et al. Test-retest reliability of knee rating
scales and functional hop tests one year
following anterior cruciate ligament
reconstruction. Phys. Ther. Sport 3:10–18,
HOPKINS, W. G. Measures of reliability in
sports medicine and science. Sports Med.
:1–15, 2000.
Hopkins, W. G., J. A. Hawley, and L. M.
Burke. Design and analysis of research on
sport performance enhancement. Med. Sci.
Sports Exerc. 31:472–485, 1999.
Hatze, H (1998) "Validity and reliability of
methods for testing vertical jumping
performance" J. of Applied Biomechanics,
, 127-140.
Hakkinen K. (1994) Neuromuscular
adaptation during strength training, aging,
detraining, and immobilization. Crit liev
Phys Rehábil Med. 1994;6:161-98.
Howard JD, Enoka RM (1991) Maximum
bilateral contractions are modified by
neurally mediated interlimb effects. J Appl
Physiol 70:306–316
Harman, E. Rosenstein, M. Frykman, P,
Rosenstein, R (1991) "Estimation of human
power output from vertical jump" Journal
Applied Sport Science Research, 5(3), 116-
Hubley, C. L., and R. P. Wells. A workenergy
approach to determine individual
joint contributions to vertical jump
performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup.
Physiol. 50:247–254, 1983.
Hakkinen, K (1981) "Effect of combined
concentric and excentric muscle work
regimens on maximal strength development"
Journal Human Movement Studies. 7, 33-36.
Iglesias, F (1994) "Análisis de esfuerzo en el
Voleibol" Stadium, Dic. 17-23.
Jakobi J, Chilibeck P (2001) Bilateral and
unilateral contractions: possible differences
in maximal voluntary force. Can J Appl
Physiol 26:12–33
Jakobi J, Cafarelli E (1998) Neuromuscular
drive and force production are not altered
during bilateral contractions. J Appl Physiol
:200–206
Jones, N.L McCartney, N and McComas, A.
(1986) "Human muscle power" Human
Kinetics Publishers, Inc. Champaign,
Illinois.
Kuruganti U, Seaman K (2006) The bilateral
leg strength deficit is present in old, young
and adolescent females during isokinetic
knee extension and flexion. Eur J Appl
Physiol 97:322–326
Kuruganti U, Parker P, Rickards J, Tingley
M, Sexsmith J (2005) Bilateral isokinetic
training reduces the bilateral leg strength
deficit for both old and young adults. Eur J
Appl Physiol 94:175– 179
Knudson, D. Bennett, K. Corn, R. Leick, D
and Smith, C (2001) "Acute effects of
stretching are not evident in the kinematics
of the vertical jump" J. Strength and Cond.
Res.15(1), 98-101.
Kurokawa, S, Fukunaga, T and Fukashiro, S
(2001) "Behavior of fascicles and tendinous
structures of human gastrocnemius during
vertical jumping" J. Appl. Physiol. 90. 1349-
Keays, S. L., J. E. Bullock-Saxton, P.
Newcombe, and A. C. Keays. The
relationship between knee strength and
functional stability before and after anterior
cruciate ligament reconstruction. J. Orthop.
Res. 21:231–237, 2003.
Kubo, K., Y. Kawakami, and T. Fukunaga.
Influence of elastic properties of tendon
structures on jump performance in humans.
J. Appl. Physiol. 87:2090–2096, 1999.
Kibele, A (1999) "Possible errors in the
comparative evaluation of drop jumps from
differents heights" Ergonomics. Vol.42, Nº
, 1011-1014.
Knudson, D.(1999) "Stretching during
warm-up: Do we have enough evidence?
Joperd 70(7): 24-27.
Kawakami Y, Sale DG, MacDougall JD,
Moroz JR (1998) Bilateral deficit in plantar
flexion: relation to knee joint position,
muscle activation, and reflex excitability.
Eur J Appl Physiol 77:212– 216
Koh T, Grabiner M, Clough C (1993)
Bilateral deficit is larger for step than for
ramp isometric contractions. J Appl Physiol
:1200–1205
Knapik, J. J., C. L. Bauman, B. H. Jones, J.
M. Harris, and L. Vaughan. Preseason
strength and flexibility imbalances
associated with athletic injuries in female
collegiate athletes. Am. J. Sports Med.
:76–81, 1991.
Komí, P.V. (1984) Physiological and
biomechanical correlates of muscle function:
effects of muscle structure and stretchshortening
cycle on force and speed. Exerc
Sport Sci Rev. 1984;12:81-1
Linthorne, N. P. (2001) “Analysis of
standing vertical jumps using a force
platform” American Association of Physics
Teachers.
McLean SP, Vint PF, Stember AJ (2006)
Submaximal expression of the bilateral
deficit. Res Q Exerc Sport 77:340–350
Marcora, S., and M. K. Miller. The effect of
knee angle on the external validity of
isometric measures of lower body
neuromuscular function. J. Sports Sci.
:313–319, 2000.
Molina, J.J; Sagastume, R; Fano, D (1994)
"Estudio de los factores musculares
implicados en la saltabilidad de jóvenes
jugadores de Voleibol" Kirola Ikertuz, Nº8,
Otoño, 24-45.
Newton, R. U., A. Gerber, S. Nimphius, et
al. Determination of functional strength
imbalance of the lower extremities. J.
Strength Cond. Res. 20:971–977, 2006.
Noyes, F. R., S. D. Barber, and R. E.
Mangine. Abnormal lower limb symmetry
determined by function hop tests after
anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Am. J.
Sports Med. 19:513–518, 1991.
Owings T, Grabiner M (1998) Normally
aging older adults demonstrate the bilateral
deficit during ramp and hold contractions. J
Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 53A:B425–
B429
Oda S, Moritani T (1994) Maximal isometric
force and neural activity during bilateral and
unilateral elbow flexion in humans. Eur J
Appl Physiol 69:240–243
Ohtsuki T (1994) Changes in strength, speed
and reaction time induced by simultaneous
bilateral muscular activity. In: Swinnen SP,
Heurer H, Massion J,
Petschnig, R., R. Baron, and M. Albrecht.
The relationship between isokinetic
quadriceps strength test and hop tests for
distance and one-legged vertical jump test
following anterior cruciate ligament
reconstruction. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther.
:23–31, 1998.
Rube N, Secher NH (1990) Effect of training
on central factors in fatigue following twoand
one-leg static exercise in man. Acta
Physiol Scand 141:87–95
Smilios Ilias (1998) "Effects of varying
levels of muscular fatigue on vertical jump
performance" J. Strength and Cond. Res. 12
(3): 204-208.
Schantz PG, Moritanti T, Karlson E,
Johansson E, Lundh A (1989) Maximal
voluntary force of bilateral and unilateral leg
extension.
Vanezis, A. Lees, A. (2005) “A
biomechanical análisis of good and poor
performers of the vertical jump”
Ergonomics”. Vol. 48 Nos. 11-14, 15
September- 15 November 2005. Taylor &
Francis group.
Vincent, W. J. Statistics in Kinesiology.
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995.
Willmore, J. Costill, D. (2004) “Fisiología
del esfuerzo y del deporte”. Paidotribo.
Barcelona.
Wilk, K. E., M. M. Reinold, and T. R.
Hooks. Recent advances in the rehabilitation
of isolated and combined anterior cruciate
ligament injuries. Orthop. Clin. North Am.
:107–137, 2003.
Weiss, L.W, Fry, A.C, Wood, E.L. Relyea,
E.G and Melton, C. (2000) "Comparative
effects of deep versus shallow squat and legpress
training on vertical jumping ability and
related factors" J. Strength and Cond. Res.
(3), 241-247.
Weiss, L.W., Relyea, G.E., Ashley, C.D.,
and Propst, R.S (1998) "Predicting depth
vertical jumping distances" Isokinetics and
Exercise Science, 7, 151-159.
Willoughby, D.S. and Simpson, S. (1998)
"Supplemental EMS and dynamic weight
training: effects on knee extensor strength
and vertical jump of female college Track &
Field athletes" J. Stength and Cond. Res.
(3): 131-137.
Weiss, L.W., Relyea, G.E., Ashley, C.D.,
and Propst, R.S. (1997) "Using velocityspectrum
squats and body composition to
predict standing vertical jump ability" J.
Strength and Cond. Res. 11(1): 14-20. Wilk,
K. E., W. T. Romaniello, S. M. Soscia, C. A.
Arrigo, and J. R. Andrews. The relationship
between subjective knee scores, isokinetic
testing, and functional testing in the ACLreconstructed
knee. J. Orthop. Sports Phys.
Ther. 20:60–73, 1994.
Yamamoto, T. Relationship between
hamstring strains and leg muscle strength. A
follow-up study of collegiate track and field
athletes. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness
:194–199, 1993
