BISTUA Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas
BISTUA, the scientific journal of the Faculty of Basic Sciences at the University of Pamplona-Colombia, is dedicated to the dissemination of knowledge in natural and exact sciences. With a biannual frequency, it aims to contribute to scientific advancement by publishing original research results in areas such as Biology-Microbiology, Physics, Geology, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Applied Basic Sciences. The journal is aimed at researchers, academics, and professionals, both national and international, interested in these disciplines. It is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that does not charge any fees for the submission or publication of articles. BISTUA provides a platform for the publication of scientific and technological research articles, review articles, and letters to the editor. Indexations: Latindex, Publindex, Dialnet, MIAR, Redalyc, EBSCO, BIBLAT, Others. Frequency: Biannual. Print ISSN: 0120-4211, Online ISSN: 2711-3027 Publindex Category: C
Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Pamplona
© Autores; Licencia Universidad de Pamplona
Quantitative Determination of Periodic Size Variations in an Object via Phase Singularity Tracking in CGH
In this work we demonstrate that it is possible to determine the size changes of an object from the tracking of optical vortices contained in the pseudophase information of computer generated holographic (CGH) videos, without the need for holographic reconstruction. To validate the proposal, holographic videos of a 3D object with periodic changes in size generated using a layer-based method with random phase. Two random phase approaches are tested to simulate the surface of a diffuse object during hologram generation. Next, homologous vortices are determined in the pseudophase information obtained by using the Laguerre-Gauss transform. The use of this transform allows precise control of the number of optical vortices to be tracked. The structural properties of the vortex cores are used to identified and to track the singularities and to determine the periodic variation of the object size along the frames of the holographic video.
Laguerre-Gauss transform; Optical vortices; Computer generated holographic.
Copyright (c) 2025 © Autores; Licencia Universidad de Pamplona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Microplastics, the ubiquitous pollutant accompanying Climate Change: A bibliometric analysis of the context
The contamination of ecosystems by plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm in length (microplastics, MPs) and Climate Change (CC) threaten the health of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biodiversity, and human existence. Because both phenomena occur simultaneously on a global scale, it is interesting to investigate whether they influence each other. Therefore, this study reviewed the state-of-the-art on the effect of MPs on CC and discussed the possible mechanisms that lead MPs to promote CC. To this end, a bibliometric analysis was conducted with publications from the Scopus database, and the discussion was complemented with information from relevant articles on the relationship between MPs and CC. The results showed that this is a developing field of knowledge, framed in five to seven clusters of study areas: sustainability, climate change and marine life, effects on organisms, components transported by MPs, methods for chemical characterization of MPs, and effects on human health. Moreover, most analyses of MPs-CC interactions are based on theoretical assumptions supported by limited empirical evidence, generally focusing on a single component. However, the few empirical studies linking the two events demonstrate that MPs pollution can intensify CC by inducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through alterations in the biogeochemical cycles of water and sediments in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These findings highlight the urgent need for experimental and field research to quantify and clarify the underlying mechanisms of the bidirectional interaction of MPs and CC with the environment.
Interferometric Migration and Modeling in VSP Configuration: Synthesizing Virtual Functions for Reflector Imaging
Seismic interferometry is a technique that reconstructs subsurface images by cross-correlating seismic traces, leveraging the principles of acoustic wave interference propagating through the Earth. This approach generates virtual Green's functions between pairs of receivers, enabling the estimation of elastic properties and the morphology of subsurface layers. In reservoir exploration, obtaining high-resolution and accurate images is essential for geological interpretation and decision-making. Unlike traditional seismic methods, interferometry offers advantages such as reduced sensitivity to wavefield diffusivity and environmental noise. In this study, we present a numerical modeling of interferometric migration applied to synthetic geological structures, using a vertical seismic profile (VSP) configuration.
Seismic interferometry; Migration; Correlation
Ocean's microbial world, key to the health of marine organisms
Microscopic life in the oceans—including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and microalgae—is essential for the health of marine ecosystems. These microorganisms form the microbiome, a community that establishes symbiotic relationships with organisms such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish of the phylum Cnidaria. In these cases, the host–microbiome complex is known as a holobiont, where microbes provide defense against pathogens, produce antimicrobial compounds, and supply nutrients that optimize host metabolism and physiology. This review explores the ecological role of the microbiome in cnidarians and its response to environmental stress. A key example is the symbiosis with microalgae of the family Symbiodiniaceae, which provide photosynthetic products that support the host’s energy needs. However, climate change and pollution disrupt this relationship, leading to bleaching, symbiont loss, and microbiome destabilization. These changes favor the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and can ultimately result in cnidarian death. The use of anemones, corals, and jellyfish as model systems is highlighted to study these processes, including the decline of beneficial bacteria such as Endozoicomonas and the increase of opportunistic pathogens like Vibrio. The presence of key bacteria such as Ruegeria, even under stressful conditions, is also emphasized. Overall, the microbiome emerges as a sentinel of marine health, reflecting environmental shifts before visible damage occurs and offering tools for conservation in the face of global warming.
Productive efficiency of tilapia oreochromis sp Raised in geomembrane pond with biofloc and raceways technology
The study compared the productive efficiency of red tilapia raised in geomembrane ponds with biofloc and raceways technology. Key physicochemical parameters in both systems were analyzed, highlighting correlations between variables and their impact on water quality and fish performance. In biofloc, a moderate positive correlation was found between dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature, highlighting the importance of maintaining optimal oxygen levels. In raceways, a strong positive correlation was found between dissolved oxygen and pH, underlining the influence of pH on oxygen availability. No significant differences were found in feeding rates, feed conversion, mortality, and survival between the systems, indicating their equal productive efficiency and mortality control. These findings support that both biofloc and raceways are viable options for tilapia culture, with comparable results in water quality, fish performance and economic efficiency. This study can guide aquaculture producers in choosing the most appropriate culture system according to their specific needs and conditions.
In vitro antagonistic activity of native Trichoderma strains against Botrytis sp
Botrytis cinerea is a plant pathogen that affects a wide range of plants and is responsible for severe economic losses in more than 200 crops worldwide. Although the use of fungicides is the most common strategy for its control, the genetic plasticity of this fungus allows it to develop resistance. Consequently, biological control has gained ground as an alternative or complementary approach to fungicides. In this respect, the genus Trichoderma is the most extensively studied group with the greatest potential for biological control of B. cinerea. Therefore, the search and study of native Trichoderma strains with biocontrol potential is a line of interest for the local and regional agricultural sector. This study reports the in vitro investigation of the biocontrol capacity of a commercial product, in comparison with the antagonistic power of two native strains isolated from soils in the agricultural areas of the municipalities of Pamplona (TN01) and Bucarasica (TN02), in Norte de Santander. Morphological characterisation determined that both strains are taxonomically located in the Viride clade of the genus Trichoderma. The growth rate and the percentage of radial growth inhibition (PICR) of the antagonists were determined using the dual culture technique. The results indicated that TN01 was the strain with the highest potential to be used as a biological controller of Botrytis spp. This strain showed the highest apical growth rate and achieved a PICR of 80% at the end of the experiment, exceeding that achieved by the commercial reference product. Conversely, strain TN02 exhibited a diminished antagonistic capacity, with a PICR of 55% after a 12-day period. This observation suggests the potential for the autochthonous strain TN01 to be evaluated under cultivation conditions.
Biological control; phytopathogen; agrochemicals, grey mould.
Evaluation of the rate of utilization of organic substrates by microorganisms in fixed and suspended biomass in reactors that treat leachate from landfills
This study evaluates the effectiveness of DI-FAFS (two-stage) and TRI-FAFS (three-stage) systems for treating landfill leachate (LFL), comparing them with reactors such as rotating biological contactor (RBC), trickling filter (TF), and UASB. The results showed that TRI-FAFS achieved the highest COD removal efficiency (85%-95%), followed by DI-FAFS (70%-85%), due to its staged configuration, which enhances the degradation of recalcitrant compounds and reduces metabolic inhibition. COD loads ranged from 12–25 g/m²-day (RBC) to 18.65 kg/m³-day (UASB), under controlled pH (8–9) and temperature (18–34 °C) conditions.
Molecular compatibility analysis between proteins and their inhibitors: a case study in the formulation of the monoclonal antibody 4trp
The incorporation of protease inhibitors (saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, and lopinavir) into antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS. These non-peptidic compounds potently and selectively inhibit HIV-1 protease. Therefore, an affinity study was conducted between the protease enzyme and each of its inhibitors by their binding energy using molecular docking to determine which inhibitor exhibits the highest binding affinity. Additionally, hydrogen bond interactions between the receptor and each ligand were analyzed to evaluate their correlation. From another perspective, this study examines the synthesis of the monoclonal antibody 4BINDING AFFINITY (IgG2a, derived from a murine IgG3 subclass antibody. Several mutations were introduced into the protein structure, replacing residues identified as high-risk for deamidation reactions. The analysis aimed to compare structural modifications to identify those that minimize aggregation risk. A quality assessment of the mutated product was conducted, supporting the stability improvements observed.
Potential energy, chemical instability, physical instability, mutation, isoelectric potential
Integration of multiscale porosities and permeabilities in Paleogene reservoir rocks of the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia
This study presents a descriptive mineralogical and textural analysis of sedimentary rocks located at the top of Paleogene formations in the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, specifically within the La Paz, Esmeralda, Colorado, and Mugrosa formations. These units exhibit clearly distinguishable sedimentary structures, depositional environments, and mineral compositions. Advanced techniques such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to thoroughly characterize the sedimentological, mineralogical, and porosity properties of the samples. X-ray CT enabled the identification of sedimentary and biogenic structures, as well as syn-sedimentary deformations, and provided density and effective atomic number values that are useful for facies differentiation. Petrographic analysis revealed sandstones with variable grain sizes, typical of fluvial environments, showing significant variations in grain size, a wide range of cementing materials, and well-developed secondary porosity that enhances reservoir permeability. XRD identified quartz, feldspars, and clay minerals as the main components, while SEM highlighted the distribution of clay minerals within the pores. The observed lithologies include polymictic conglomerates, shales, sandy shales, sublithic sandstones, and lithic sandstones, associated with fluvial channels, floodplains, and meandering river systems. Computed tomography is consolidated as a key non-destructive tool in sedimentological interpretation, offering high-resolution imaging and valuable data on density, mineralogy, lithology, porosity, and facies. This multidisciplinary approach provides essential information for reservoir characterization, the reconstruction of depositional environments, and the understanding of geological history, contributing to the advancement of geological research and resource exploration in the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin.
Efficiency and Spatial homogeneity of the SERS signal in plasmonic antennas: A study at the nano and micro scales
This study evaluates the efficiency and spatial homogeneity of the SERS signal in various gold optical antenna morphologies using 4-MBA as a probe molecule. The results demonstrate that AuFON antennas exhibit significantly higher SERS intensity compared to rough surfaces, spherical cavities, and the commercial Klarite system. Additionally, both AuFON and Klarite show improved signal homogeneity. These findings highlight the critical role of ordered nanostructure morphology in enhancing SERS signal amplification and uniformity, positioning AuFON as a promising platform for advanced ultrasensitive molecular detection applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 © Autores; Licencia Universidad de Pamplona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bat Guano Carollia perspicillata is a source of Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria and its use as fertilizer
Bat guano is considered a source of nutrients and bacteria that can act as a potential biofertilizer, associating vigorous growth of plants around where these mammals live, which today would be an environmentally friendly alternative, by reducing contamination by agrochemicals, the increase in production costs and meeting the demand for food acquisition. In Colombia, studies of bacteria that interact in bat guano, their potential as biofertilizers, the fixation of macro and micronutrients that interact in the endosphere and rhizosphere in symbiosis with plants are limited. The main objective of this research is to carry out a chemical and bacterial analysis of the nitrogen cycle of the Bat Guano Carollia perspicillata, analyzing its effectiveness with Phaseolus vulgaris (bean) cultures. The study place was La Palma-Cundinamarca, study population (Carollia perspicillata bat), a simple random sampling of the Guano was carried out in the rainy season and dry season and then an isolation of bacteria from the Nitrogen cycle was carried out in selective culture media. (MCN) and a chemical analysis of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK), identifying the bacteria Nitrobacter sp, Azotobacter sp and Nitrosomonas sp in the rainy season and Nitrosococcus sp in the dry season. Small-scale bioassays were carried out to analyze the biofertilizer potential of Guano with Phaseolus vulgaris (bean) crops, observing plant growth for a month, taking data every 7 days. The growth of Phaseolus vulgaris (bean) with the application of Guano showed double growth. Guano from Carollia perspicillata could be a good comprehensive fertilizer since it contains bacteria related to the Nitrogen Cycle and a high NPK.
Real-Time Recording and Reconstruction of Holograms Integrating Optical and Digital Technology
The implementation of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer for hologram recording and a coupled 2F optical processor for reconstruction is presented, allowing both processes to be carried out in real-time. Using a hybrid optical-digital system, the experimental setup employs a CMOS2500 camera and an LCR2500 modulator to achieve high-resolution recording and dynamic reconstruction of holographic images. The experimental results demonstrate the system's capability for real-time holography. Fourier hologram results are presented.
Microbiological profile of paddy and commercial rice (Oryza sativa L) in the department of Norte de Santander, Colombia.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a globally important food, and in Colombia, it ranks as the third-largest crop, covering 25,000 hectares and yielding over 180,000 tons annually. This study assessed the microbiological profile of rice cultivated and marketed in the Norte de Santander department, analyzing 55 samples from the main production areas (Cúcuta, El Zulia, Tibú, and Puerto Santander). Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, mesophilic aerobes, molds, and yeasts were quantified. In paddy rice, high levels of total coliforms (5.37 log CFU/g) and E. coli (3.23 log CFU/g) were found, while in commercial rice, these values met the established standards. Counts of mesophilic aerobes and molds and yeasts were elevated in both paddy and commercial rice. These findings suggest deficiencies in irrigation water management and grain storage, posing a public health risk due to the potential production of mycotoxins. Therefore, effective strategies are needed to control microorganisms and ensure rice safety throughout the food supply chain.
Approximation and Simulation of Signal Belonging to the Generalized Weighted Lipschitz Class by ...
In this study, the well-known Fourier Conjugate series, which is traditionally summable through various individual methods, demonstrates enhanced convergence speed and improved signal approximation when subjected to a product transform. This work aims to establish a novel theorem for approximating signals within a specific function class, utilizing product summability of conjugate Fourier series. Additionally, a range of illustrative examples is provided to validate the proposed summability method and highlight their convergence behavior. The findings are further supported through simulations conducted using MATLAB programming.
Epidemiological profile of patients with malaria admitted to the Erasmo Meoz University Hospital in the municipality of Cúcuta, during the period 2014-2021
The objective of this research is to describe the epidemiological profile of patients with malaria who enter the ESE HUEM of the Municipality of San José de Cúcuta, during the period 2014-2021. A cross-sectional observational epidemiological study is developed, which seeks to determine the prevalence of patients with malaria admitted to this hospital during the study period; Variables associated with sex, age, clinical manifestations, type of parasite, etc. are taken into account. The analysis of the results allows us to determine that the highest percentage of patients treated are of Colombian nationality (67.74%), although there is a high presence of Venezuelan patients (32.26%). Fever is presented as the clinical manifestation with the highest diagnosis in patients admitted to the hospital for this pathology (91.36%). The Plasmoidum vivax species is recorded as the parasite with the greatest presence. The male sex has a higher prevalence of hospitalization. When analyzing the age range with the highest risk of malaria infection, patients between 15 and 59 years old are recorded as the population that is hospitalized most frequently.
Malaria, Clinical Manifestations, Epidemiological Profile.
enfermedades Infecciosas de alto impacto en Colombia
Bessel polynomials by context-free grammars
The Bessel polynomials are an orthogonal family of polynomials yn(x) introduced as solutions of the second-order differential equation x2y''+2(x+1)y'=n(n+1)y, they satisfy the recurrence relation yn(x)=(2n-1)xyn-1(x)+yn-2(x), where y1(x)=x+1 y y0(x)=1. In terms of derivatives, Bessel polynomials can be described by the recurrence yn(x)=(nx+1)yn-1(x) + x2y'n-1(x). In this paper, we study the connection between Bessel polynomials and context-free grammars through the formal derivative operator, and we prove some identities of this family of polynomials.
Microplastics in continental water sources: impact and mitigation strategies from the perspective of agroindustrial engineering
Microplastic research is essential because of their global impact on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Despite the recognition of the problem, there remains a gap in the understanding and mitigation of these pollutants in inland water bodies. This study aims to analyse the state of knowledge on the presence, impact, and mitigation strategies of microplastics from an agro-industrial engineering perspective. A systematic qualitative methodology was employed to review the scientific literature, using specific inclusion criteria in various bibliographic databases, focusing on the search equation microplastic AND freshwater. The results reveal that microplastic pollution is a complex and multifaceted problem, with diverse emission sources affecting aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Industrial, agricultural, tourism and domestic activities all contribute to the release of microplastics into the environment. Understanding these sources is essential to develop effective mitigation and removal strategies, such as reducing their generation, recycling existing ones and immobilization to prevent their dispersal. The adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and efficient wastewater treatment systems is crucial in this process. The evaluation of these strategies through mathematical modelling considering the amount and type of microplastics generated, as well as their environmental impact. Successful implementation requires collaboration with farmers and ranchers to promote more sustainable practices. Although examples of implementation are presented, it is important to recognize the limitations and to further research together with relevant stakeholders to find more effective and sustainable solutions.
Power Aggregation Operators in MADM Problems Under Pythagorean Neutrosophic Numbers Based on Hamacher t-norm and t-conorm Operations
The notion of Pythagorean neutrosophic sets (PNSs) and their associated Pythagorean neutrosophic numbers (PNNs) is useful for exploring imprecise knowledge under restricted conditions. PNSs address deficiencies in existing theories and are easily applicable to various uncertain problems. On the other hand, Hamacher operators are effective tools for multi-attribute decision-making (MADM). This paper combines PNSs with Hamacher t-norm and t-conorm operators to develop novel aggregation operators based on PNNs, offering a powerful approach to model uncertainty in MADM problems. The proposed aggregation operators include the Pythagorean neutrosophic Hamacher power arithmetic (PNHPA) operator, the power geometric (PNHPG) operator, the power ordered weighted average (PNHPOWA) operator, and the power ordered weighted geometric (PNHPOWG) operator. Key properties of these operators are analyzed to ensure their applicability in MADM. Using these operators, the paper introduces a practical approach to solving multi-attribute decision-making problems under uncertainty represented by PNNs. A numerical example is provided to verify the proposed approach and conduct a comparative analysis to demonstrate its effectiveness against other methods. This study contributes to decision-making by providing innovative tools based on PNNs and Hamacher operators, expanding the ability to model uncertainty and tackle complex problems in multi-attribute contexts.
Hamacher operators; Pythagorean neutrosophic numbers; Pythagorean neutrosophic Hamacher aggregate operators; MADM
Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Micropropagation Protocol in Two Potato Varieties: Solanum tuberosum (Perla Negra) y Solanum phureja (Criolla Colombia)
The quality of potato seeds is essential to ensure sustainable and profitable production in the Norte de Santander department. It is worth noting that the vegetative reproduction of potatoes exposes them to various seed-transmitted diseases, gradually affecting their quality. This study focused on the Norte de Santander region in Colombia, where the adoption of micropropagation is presented as an effective alternative for pre-basic potato seed production. The research aimed to confirm a micropropagation protocol proposed by Vollmer et al. (2020), applying it to two specific potato varieties: Papa Perla Negra and Papa Criolla Colombia. The validation took place in the in vitro plant tissue culture laboratory at the University of Pamplona. Statistically, no significant differences were found between the varieties in the evaluated variables, thus supporting the validity of the protocol. In conclusion, micropropagation proves to be an effective alternative for pre-basic potato seed production in the region, providing an efficient and rapid method for generating homogeneous and high-quality mother plants.
Effect of Pinus patula (Pinaceae) plantations on soil and vegetation in the Rabanal moor, Samacá Boyacá
The Rabanal moor covers 4,172 hectares, of which 16% corresponds to the municipality of Samacá, it has two reservoirs, a dam for storage and regulation of water and pine plantations that generate the immobilization of nutrients, the reduction of the capacity to carry out recycling processes, and soil acidification. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of Pinus patula plantations on the soil and vegetation of the Rabanal páramo in the municipality of Samacá-Boyacá. Taking into account the vegetation of the moor and the plantation in terms of height, coverage, frequency and DBH of the species. In the paramo, 16 families, 35 genera and 42 species were recorded, in 501 individuals, the most abundant species were Espeletia boyacensis, Paepalanthus alpinus, Arcytophyllum nitidum and Puya nitida, versus the paramo planted with P. patula where 6 families were recorded, 6 genera and 6 species, with 80 individuals. Regarding the soil, the variables that presented significant differences were calcium, magnesium, magnesium saturation, Mg/K and K/Mg. In the case study, forest plantation has eliminated 88% of the native species of the moor and has decreased the coverage of the 5 species that still remain there. The variable soil properties, such as the type of elements and exchange, are very similar between the two sites, due to the availability of water and nutrients that P. patula has in the study area. This research serves as input to take technical and management measures applicable to the Colombian paramos.
Loss of diversity; páramo vegetation; soil changes; pine plantations in páramo.
A case study of PT pseudosections constructed in the MnNCKFMASH (MnO-Na2O-CaO-K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O) system for metapelitic rocks in the garnet zone of the Silgará Formation, southwestern Santander Massif (Colombia)
PT pseudosections constructed in the MnNCKFMASH (MnO-Na2O-CaO-K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O) system based on bulk-rock chemistry and mineral chemistry data of metapelitic rocks in the garnet zone of the Silgará Formation, southwestern Santander Massif (Colombia) were evaluated based on the application of computer programs such as THERIAK/DOMINO, GTB and GIBBS. They can be used to estimate peak metamorphic PT conditions and constrain parts of metamorphic PT paths. The previously published PT conditions (495-518 oC and 4.4-5.5 kbar garnet zone) are confirmed by the resultant pseudosections in in the MnNCKFMASH system with garnet + potassium feldspar + biotite + muscovite + quartz as the stable mineral assemblage. Several mineral reactions, such as chlorite after biotite and garnet, sericite after plagioclase, chlorite+sericite after staurolite, reveal a retrograde metamorphism, and the formation of these hydrous phases probably took place during decompression at lower PT conditions in the presence of high amounts of H2O.
Garnet zone; Silgará Formation; southwestern Santander Massif; PT pseudosections; Thermobarometry
We have no additional information on our submission.
Introduction to actinic damage and actinomycetes as a promising source for eco-friendly photoprotective compounds
The use of sunscreens is a fundamental strategy of an effective photoprotection scheme. Currently, several ultraviolet (UV) filters have been questioned for their side effects, mainly those that harm the environment. Therefore, there is a demand to find compounds with photoprotective properties. In this regard, natural products have traditionally been a promising source of compounds with diverse biological activities, including those related to photoprotection. Recently, natural microbial products have shown very promising opportunities supported by biotechnological advances, including those possibilities opened up by computer-aided tools. Under this scenario, several studies have recognized the great potential of the phylum Actinomycetota as a source of compounds with photoprotective properties. This review examines how solar radiation induces skin photodamage, explores existing photoprotection strategies, and highlights the immense potential that lies in the specialized metabolism of actinomycetes. These microorganisms offer a rich and untapped vein for the development of innovative products that could transform the sun protection industry.
Association between virtual training during COVID-19 confinement and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in medical students in clinical practices post pandemic 2023
COVID-19 caused preventive isolation, prohibition of group meetings, in-person classes, and suspended clinical practices. The students continued their studies with virtual methodology, from March 2020 to December 2021, returning to academic presence in 2022-1. Objective: to analyze the association between the virtual training received during confinement due to COVID-19 (2020-2021) and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in medical students from the University of Pamplona who carry out clinical practices in post-pandemic 2023. Method: observational study cross-sectional analytical study, carried out on 205 students, using the DASS-21 scale and a self-administered questionnaire of academic, sociodemographic and free-time, leisure and religious variables. Results: symptoms of depression (57.6%), anxiety (57.6%) and stress (55.1%) were found in the students; The symptomatology values found are higher than the national average and other similar investigations. The risk of depression varies with the age of the students (p < 0.029), being higher in students at an early age. The difficulty in applying the knowledge acquired during virtual training in practices was the main finding, with the probability of suffering from depression being 4, 6 and 7 times higher in students who considered the application of knowledge regular, difficult and very difficult. acquired virtually in practices. Conclusions: there was a statistically significant relationship with the difficulty in applying the knowledge acquired virtually in clinical practices, where the greater the difficulty, the greater the degree of depression and stress. Sleep quality is a protective factor as is family functionality.
Copyright (c) 2023 © Autores; Licencia Universidad de Pamplona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Integral evaluation of unconventional reservoir properties from multi-scale imaging and analysis
Since the production of conventional oil and gas is declining while costs are increasing, in recent years focus of interest directed toward unconventional reservoirs. The integral evaluation of unconventional reservoirs is based on multi-scale imaging and analysis, which includes X-ray Computed Tomography, X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography, Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy, which can be integrated each other to provide a dataset that can assist in understanding the rock properties and can be used for understanding the rock properties based on their integral evaluation to improve reserves estimates and production efficiency, and mitigate all the associated risks. In this work, we highlight a mineralogy workflow for integral evaluation of unconventional reservoirs, involves imaging and analysis of unconventional rocks like tight sandstones, carbonates and shales, to study effects of clay, minerals and diagenetic processes and to carry out fast and accurate computations of rock properties, such as porosity and pore geometry (pore size, connectivity and distributions), absolute and relative permeability, fracture network, and flow simulations.
Unconventional reservoirs; Multi-scale imaging; Analytical tecniques; Petrophysical properties; Reserves estimates
Effect of cooking method on heavy metal concentrations in Hoplias malabaricus (Erythrinidae)
Impacts of mining and agriculture have turned mercury (Hg), methylmercury (MeHg), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) into common pollutants in the fish and ecosystem compartments of Colombian wetlands. For this reason, in this study we evaluated concentrations of these metals in Hoplias malabaricus muscle, and determining their variations according 5 cooking methods (Smoked, Fried, Stew, Viuda and Salpicón). The concentrations were determined by thermal decomposition, amalgamation and atomic absorption spectroscopy (EPA-7473) (Hg-MeHg), atomic absorption spectroscopy with flame (FLAAS) (EPA-7000B) (Zn-Cu) and atomic absorption spectroscopy in graphite furnace (GFAAS) (EPA-7010) (Pb-Cd).We found Zn was the metal most accumulated in this tissue, likewise Cd (Fried, Viuda, Smoked and Salpicón) and Pb (Salpicón) exceeded maximum permissible limits (EU, 2018) and FAO (1992) for mean concentrations in fish muscle for human consumption. Similarly significant differences (p<0.05) in mean concentrations of Cd and Pb in muscle cooked with Smoked in Salpicón methods were determined respect to the rest. Risk indicators (DID, HQ and HI) for health assessment of the population by consumption of Hoplias malabaricus showed La Mojana habitants are exposed to high risk level, mainly due consumption of this species cooked with Salpicón method.
Another look at the solution of the equations; the modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation and the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation.
In [1] the authors present an analytical method for solving nonlinear evolution equations, and apply it to find ”new solutions”, of the equations mBBM and mKdV. In this note we prove that these solutions can be found from the general solution and that the method exposed in [1], is not as effective as claimed.
Ochratoxin A cytotoxicity on HepG2 cell propagation
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi of the Aspergillus and Penicillum genera, with a toxic effect on various living beings, it is found in a wide variety of foods and animal feed, for this reason lies the importance of estimating the toxic effects of OTA on the HepG2 cell line by inhibiting cell proliferation and determining morphological changes in cells and their correlation with apoptosis. The HepG2 cell line was exposed for 48 and 72 hours at concentrations of 1.0; 2.5; 10 and 15 µM lyophilized OTA; Next, the antiproliferative activity of the mycotoxin was calculated using the MTT colorimetric method (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Subsequently, in HepG2 cells treated with 10µM OTA for 48 hours, the morphological changes related to apoptotic cell death were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The propagation of HepG2 cells is affected from the concentration of 2.5 µM of OTA, in contrast to the control. Then, the measurement of the mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) of OTA on HepG2 cells was carried out, this was 9.19µM SD±0.68 and 9.98µM SD±0.4, at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Morphological alterations related to cell death by apoptosis in HepG2 cells were evidenced, such as fragmentation of the nucleus (karyorrhexis), cell fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies.
Chronology of the Bambucá Shale formation and its potential as source rock, western sector of the Neiva sub-basin – Huila, Colombia
Improving the knowledge of Colombia's oil basins requires the evaluation and implementation of new strategies to enhance or increase the exploration of new hydrocarbon producing fields or encourage the deepening of geological studies in existing fields. In recent years, there has been a search for ways to maximize the production of hydrocarbon reservoirs, although in the country they have concentrated on the detrital type. This work proposes the search for formations containing carbonate rocks to expand the range of reservoirs of interest. In the work area, the Bambucá shale is characterized by having a high content of organic matter, but detailed information about its petrography, chronology and hydrocarbon potential has not been studied in detail. Carbonate reservoirs such as the Bambucá Shale contain abundant fossil record of microscopic marine brown algae known as calcareous nannofossils. These are an attractive study option to test or improve the resolution of historically assigned ages and evaluate the potential of a formation as a source rock. Preliminary analyses to propose a biozonation and biostratigraphic events of calcareous nannofossils in this formation allowed the identification of an assemblage composed of five predominant Cretaceous species (Cenomanian – Turonian): Quadrum svabenickae, Lithraphidites carniolensis, Calculites obscurus, Eiffellithus spp., and Watznaueria biporta, which are bioformers of the source rock in the study area and confirm the marine origin of sediments with organic matter capable of producing Type II kerogen.
Analysis of hydraulic sectorization in water distribution networks implementing Epanet and iDistritos
The primary purpose of drinking water distribution networks is to supply drinking water to meet a population's quantity and quality needs. These systems are designed to continuously supply water to all inhabitants throughout the day. These optimal operating conditions in some cities are not achieved due to different problems that affect the regular operation of the distribution networks. This research presents a proposal to improve and optimize the hydraulic networks of the city of Los Patios, located in Norte de Santander, Colombia. This city currently presents problems in the operation of its distribution system due to population growth, informal settlements, lack of planning in constructing its pipe networks and water availability in the supply source. The current operation of the network is carried out by closing sectioning valves in order to generate sectors and thus guarantee service shifts that provide water by zones between two to three days a week, which does not comply with the service continuity criteria and affects the quality of the resource; in response to this problem, this research proposes several alternatives for hydraulic sectorization of the pipe networks using graph theory and the iDistricts and Epanet software. As a result, an optimization of the hydraulic operation of the distribution network was obtained, increasing the continuity of the service, and the actions and recommendations necessary to develop these alternatives are described.
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Obtaining biological silage from lactic fermentation of fish waste
Fish waste, when used as raw material, is considered a valuable byproduct due to its nutrient content, and through transformation processes, it can help prevent environmental pollution. The waste generated from fishing activities is not adequately treated in terms of its final disposal, which contributes to environmental contamination. Additionally, these waste materials are not used rationally due to a lack of knowledge regarding the applicable technological processes for utilizing the byproducts generated on a daily basis. This study aims to characterize and utilize these agro-industrial waste materials in the production of biological silage. The objective of this research was to obtain biological silage using fish waste in Gamarra (Cesar). An experimental factorial design of 2 x 3 was employed, with the first factor being the carbon source (molasses) at two levels of 12% and 18%, and the second factor being the fermenting agent, which utilized yogurt at three levels of 6%, 11%, and 15%. These factors were evaluated at a confidence level of 95% (P<0.05), resulting in six treatments with four replications each (24 experimental units). The mixtures obtained were placed in plastic reactors and kept at room temperature for 15 days, with pH and acidity levels monitored throughout the experiment. After this period, the silage was subjected to hot air drying. The final product exhibited protein levels ranging from 32% to 43% and fat content ranging from 19% to 33%. Microbiological analysis confirmed the product's safety as animal feed, making it suitable for consumption.
Aquaculture; Biotechnology; Nutrition; Fish.
Acuacultura; Biotecnología; Nutrición; Pez