The RAAAS is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture at the University of Pamplona. Its main purpose is the dissemination of knowledge in the environmental field, with emphasis on research related to the themes of Water, Air, and Soil. The journal aims to provide a platform for the exchange of knowledge and experiences in environmental matters, with the objective of generating concrete recommendations and agreements for the design of action strategies and collaboration among participants. In this way, the goal is to enrich Colombian scientific knowledge in environmental areas. The chief editor of the "Environmental Journal: Water, Air, and Soil" is PhD Jarol Derley Ramón Valencia, who is part of the full-time faculty group of the Environmental Engineering program at the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Pamplona. Indexing: Publindex, Latindex, Dialnet, others. Frequency: Biannual. Online ISSN: 1900-9178 Publindex Category: C
Comparison of composting systems for the production of organic fertilizer with solid waste
This article presents a comparative analysis of the performance of three composting systems: a closed, autonomous system with forced aeration (TT1), an open, aerated system (TT2), and a traditional system (TT3). The objective was to evaluate the quality of the compost generated and the degradation efficiency in each system. An experimental design with three replicates per treatment was applied, evaluating microbiological, physicochemical, and phytotoxicity parameters. The results indicate that system TT1 achieved higher and more constant temperatures, favoring the elimination of pathogens and accelerating the decomposition process. Although all three treatments met the requirements of NTC 5167, TT1 showed the best quality indicators, in addition to optimizing space use, reducing labor requirements, and decreasing water consumption.
Copyright (c) 2025 REVISTA AMBIENTAL AGUA, AIRE Y SUELO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Low Cost Rocket Engineering For Air Quality Studies
Rockets reaching altitudes of 7 to 10 kilometers are gaining significant relevance today due to their multiple applications based on data recording and processing. One of the most important and relevant applications currently related to climate change is the recording of atmospheric variables at altitudes of 7 to 10 kilometers. Recording atmospheric data at these altitudes is important because it allows for studies in fields such as biometeorology and photobiology, and for analyzing the concentration of pollutants such as pesticides and insecticides to assess their impact on the environment and the population's lives. This work presents the results obtained in the rocket design for altitudes of 7 to 10 kilometers and also the recording of climatic variables (air quality, pollutants, and airflow). SpaceCAD software was used for the design and simulation of the rocket, and the GDL-propep model was used to model the engine thrust with data on the chemical composition of the propellant (KNO3/Sucrose 65/35). Variables such as threaded connections, combustion base, and a suitable nozzle were also taken into account. It is important to mention that the results showed a maximum thrust of 10,281.49 N and a minimum combustion chamber thickness of 2.6 mm. In conclusion, the proposed design meets the requirements necessary to achieve altitudes of between 7 and 10 kilometers and also measures atmospheric variables based on the selected sensors.
Visual Feature Extraction For Seedling Classification And Analysis In The Plant Seedlings Dataset Using Data Science.
This study presents a methodology for the extraction, analysis, and evaluation of visual features from the Plant Seedlings dataset, aimed at enhancing the automatic classification of seedlings at early growth stages. Image processing techniques were applied to extract texture descriptors (LBP and Haralick features), color features (HSV histograms), shape features (contours and geometric metrics), and basic statistical measures (mean, standard deviation, kurtosis, and skewness). A descriptive statistical analysis of the extracted features revealed high variability among variables and low multicollinearity, indicating that the descriptors capture diverse and complementary aspects of the images. The results suggest that combining multiple types of descriptors improves the discriminative power for plant species classification. This methodology lays the foundation for the development of intelligent systems in precision agriculture, integrating electronic engineering and data science to support more efficient and sustainable agronomic decision-making.
Spatial And Temporal Comparison Of Water Quality Indexes Of The Main Channel Of The Hato De La Virgen Urban Microbasin, Ibagué-Tolima
Water quality indixes of the main channel of the Hato de la Virgen urban micro-basin, one of the ecological corridors that are part of the main urban ecological structure of the municipality of Ibagué, Tolima, were compared spatially and temporally. During two contracting climatic seasons (Aguas Altas and Aguas Bajas) and from the source of the Hato de la Virgen stream to its mouth, five sampling stations were established. Pollution Indices (ICOs), Water Quality Index (ICA), and biological indices of water quality were calculated, to finally, through a variance analysis with its confirmation test, a cluster and principal component analysis, determine the existence of significant differences between seasons and climatic periods. It was determined that the quality of the water in each of the stations, along the main channel of the microbasin, is similar and that the variations that occurred are due to the contamination of each site. In the same way, there is a low variation in the values of the water quality indexes between rainfall periods, which demonstrates that the dilution effect that theoretically occurs with the rains does not significantly alter the water quality of the micro-basin.
Design of pedagogical strategies for inclusive teaching about the environment and georesources in basic and secondary education institutions
Concern about environmental problems at a global level has highlighted the importance of adopting inclusive teaching. In view of the various threats that threaten the environment, not only ecosystems are at risk, but also the lives of all beings that share planet Earth. The transfer of knowledge about environmental problems is important to raise awareness about their importance and contribute to their mitigation. Environmental problems often generate controversy and are still little known by the general public. Therefore, the didactic workshops proposed in this work represent a strategy to teach about environmental problems, particularly controversial, without encountering affective barriers to learning. This inclusive initiative targets a great diversity of students in abilities, knowledge and interest in learning, which can contribute to students actively participating in activities that deepen conceptual understanding through a meaningful learning environment. It is essential that geosciences, with their significant impact on society, capture the attention of experts from the Ministry of Education and those responsible for curricular design. The purpose is to achieve its gradual integration into the study plans. This initiative seeks to provide essential support to primary and secondary school teachers, who face the challenge of transmitting geoscientific knowledge effectively. At the same time, it aspires to advise decision makers and citizens on the repercussions of environmental problems on our environment. This project not only aims to address the gap in geoscience teaching, but also to serve as a valuable source of information for decision-making at the government and community levels. The implementation of this initiative will result in the creation of specific activities and materials, designed to enrich the teaching of environmental issues. These will include crucial aspects such as climate change, pollution, deforestation, land degradation, energy management, water scarcity, species extinction and biodiversity loss, as well as effective waste management. Finally, the importance of promoting critical thinking and environmental awareness from the formative stages will be considered. This approach will not only empower students, but will also contribute to the development of future leaders and responsible citizens, committed to sustainability and environmental preservation.
Projection of temperature behavior for the period 2020–2100 in the Zulia River Basin in the municipalities of Pamplona, Pamplonita, Cúcuta, El Zulia and Salazar, Norte de Santander – Colombia
Climate change, although a natural process, has been accelerated by human activity, primarily due to greenhouse gas emissions linked to development, population growth, and consumption patterns. Anthropogenic influence has caused significant alterations in the climate over the past 25 years, which cannot be attributed solely to natural variability. In Colombia, the IDEAM has reported an increase in average temperature of 0.13 °C per decade 1971-2000, with Norte de Santander among the most affected departments. Projections estimate temperature increases of up to 4 °C by the end of the 21st century. This region faces institutional and community-level challenges in addressing the impacts of rising temperatures, compounded by limited access to hydroclimatic information. As General Circulation Models GCMs lack the spatial resolution needed for local planning, downscaling techniques are essential to derive site-specific climate scenarios. This study aims to generate temperature projections for the Zulia River basin using spatial downscaling methods to detect climate change and variability signals, providing a foundation for developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Evaluation of the Environmental Component Using the Principles of Urbanism a Case Study in Colombia
Environmental care has become an essential aspect when articulating civil construction projects, mainly because it is an integral part of sustainable development between society and the surrounding nature. In recent decades, there has been much talk about environmental awareness seeking the promotion of sustainable practices, understanding of environmental problems and how to address them, as well as ecological sectorization. For this reason, a reflective and documentary study of the environmental components of commune 4 of Cucuta was carried out to characterize the current situation of its neighborhoods and discuss the measures to be implemented to recover or mitigate the negative impact of human activities on the ecosystem. Components such as the deterioration of the green area and deforestation, hydrology, and risk zones were analyzed. It was found that, in the last decade, the population of the commune has moved to the periphery, this, added to the population growth, has led to inadequate strategies for the management of developable spaces, generating with it, the loss of 5% of the vegetation cover by deforestation, affecting the environmental pillars, causing water and air pollution, as well as loss of native species of flora and fauna.
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Incidence of global climate change on extreme values of the main climatic variables in the Guánica - La Rusia páramo
The paramos are unique ecosystems in the northern region of South America, characterized by their vast natural wealth and biodiversity. In part. These are made possible by climatic variability that can be affected by the phenomenon of climate change. This study investigates the impact of climate change on the regional climate in the Guantiva – La Rusia páramo through statistical analysis of parametric tests. It was identified that maximum temperatures trend to increase with a gradient of up to 0.8 °C/10 years and monthly precipitation in the rainy months increases by up to 20 mm/10 years, while their variables did not confirm pattern of change. The changes in the identified climatic patterns can cause changes in the thermal floors of the paramo, and modification of natural vegetation covers together with the anthropic transformations present in the territory.
Biosorption of Losartan potassium in aqueous solution on non-living microalgae Chlorella sp.
The presence of emerging contaminants such as Losartan potassium (LP) in bodies of water can alter the physiological functions of many species, affecting not only ecosystems but also human health. In this research, the removal capacity of the LP drug in aqueous solution on the non-living microalgae Chlorella sp., was evaluated keeping the temperature and the dose of adsorbent fixed. Initially, the microalgae Chlorella sp., was grown under adequate conditions of nutrients, light and air; after its growth cycle, it was filtered and dried at 60 °C for 24 h. The bioassays were carried out applying the batch adsorption technique at different concentrations of LP (1,60 – 21,6 mg/L). In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed. The results show a satisfactory fit to the Freundlich isotherm model with multilayer growth of Losartan potassium on the surface. Its maximum adsorption capacity was 1,9 mg/g, with removal percentages between 7,9 and 37,5%. Non-living Chlorella sp., shows the characteristic bands of this type of microalgae with predominance of poorly porous structures. In conclusion, non-living Chlorella sp., constitutes a potential natural adsorbent with possible use in the removal of recalcitrant emerging contaminants.
Resilience: A perspective from education, engineering and environmental sustainability
Currently, many challenges are evidenced at the level of environmental crises and all natural disasters that are increasingly experienced, bringing with them changes in the social but also technological context; that is why, terms such as resilience arise as a key concept that delves into multiple disciplines. The purpose of this research is to inquire about resilience from education, engineering and environmental sustainability, emphasized from the university area. Resilience involves the capacity of ecosystems to achieve significant impacts, to have essential services and to advance in the face of the challenges that climate change may present, having a conservation and sustainable use of resources. Therefore, resilience in the field of education should always be implemented in order to create multiple strategies and approaches that are both practical and pedagogical to promote adaptability to the adversities that may arise, so that practices should be directed with creativity, community participation and emotional support, in order to transform from higher education institutions spaces that help students to face any kind of challenges at personal, professional and social level.
Carta Editor Revista Ambiental Agua, Aire y Suelo Volumen 16 N°1 2025
Editorial Note: It is an honor for us to address you in this edition of the Environmental Journal Water, Air, and Soil (RAAAS). At a time when environmental challenges are increasingly pressing, it is crucial to maintain an informed and proactive dialogue on the issues affecting our planet. The purpose of Volume 16, Issue No. 1, 2025, of the Environmental Journal Water, Air, and Soil is to disseminate knowledge in the environmental field, with the contribution of research papers published in its three main areas: Water, Air, and Soil. This is intended to provide an opportunity for the exchange of knowledge and experiences related to the environment, allowing for the generation of concrete recommendations and agreements through the design of action strategies and collaboration among participants. In this way, we aim to enrich Colombian scientific knowledge in environmental areas. The Environmental journal Agua, Aire y Suelo (Water, Air, and Soil) is positioned as a key reference in the field of environmental research, addressing critical issues for sustainability and environmental stewardship. With articles such as "Exploring Recent Technical, Methodological, and Organizational Perspectives on Green Software Practices," it analyzes how new technologies, development methods, and organizational approaches are contributing to the creation of more environmentally sustainable software. From a technical perspective, this involves the use of more efficient algorithms, reducing energy consumption in data centers, and optimizing hardware use. Methodologically, it applies practices such as eco-design, sustainable DevOps, and the use of energy efficiency metrics throughout the software lifecycle. At the organizational level, it highlights internal sustainability policies, green development training, and the integration of environmental objectives into corporate technology strategies. The journal has established itself as an essential forum for scientific dissemination in the environmental field, standing out for its interdisciplinary approach and commitment to generating practical knowledge. An outstanding example of this is the article "Obtaining Bioactive Compounds from Agroindustrial Waste: A Review," which addresses the use of byproducts generated in agroindustry, such as shells, seeds, and bagasse, to extract compounds with beneficial properties, such as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and anti-inflammatories. This review analyzes recent extraction and purification techniques, highlighting their potential in sectors such as pharmacology, cosmetics, and food, while promoting sustainability and the circular economy by reducing waste and revaluing materials that would normally be discarded. Highlighting the publication of articles in volume 16, version 1, such as "Comparative Evaluation of Environmental Image Classification Models with TensorFlow and the Plant Seedlings Dataset," the paper analyzes and compares the performance of different deep learning models implemented with TensorFlow to classify images of plant seedlings using the Plant Seedlings dataset. The goal is to identify which models offer greater accuracy and efficiency in automatic plant species recognition tasks, which may be useful in applications such as precision agriculture, environmental monitoring, and biodiversity conservation. In this issue, the Environmental Journal Agua, Aire y Suelo explores articles related to the concept of resilience applied in an integrated manner in three key areas: education, through the training of critical and adaptive individuals; engineering, through the design of systems and structures capable of resisting and responding to adverse events; and environmental sustainability, promoting practices that strengthen the capacity of ecosystems and communities to face climatic and social challenges. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the researchers and authors whose work has made this issue possible. Their dedication to scientific research in the environmental field is essential for finding effective solutions to the problems we face as a society. We also extend our gratitude to the expert reviewers whose rigorous and detailed work has ensured the quality and relevance of the articles published in this issue. Their commitment to advancing knowledge on environmental issues is fundamental to the success of our journal. We invite the scientific community to use this knowledge published in the Environmental Journal Agua, Aire y Suelo as a reference for their work and to allow us the honor of including it in the references for their future research projects. Authors interested in publishing their scientific work in the journal are also invited to contact the editor-in-chief at jarol.ramon@unipamplona.edu.co or revistambiental@unipamplona.edu.co. Sincerely, PhD. JAROL DERLEY RAMÓN VALENCIA Editor de la Revista Ambiental Agua, Aire y Suelo Universidad de Pamplona Colombia
Comparative Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Environmental Image Classification Using TensorFlow and the Plant Seedlings Dataset
This article compares the performance of four deep learning models for the classification of seedling plant images captured under natural conditions. A custom convolutional neural network (CNN) and three pre-trained architectures—MobileNetV2, ResNet50, and EfficientNetB0—were evaluated using the Plant Seedlings Dataset, which contains over 4,700 images across twelve different species. The methodology involved image preprocessing, data augmentation, training in Google Colab, and evaluation through accuracy, macro F1-score, and confusion matrices. Results indicate that transfer learning models significantly outperform the custom CNN in terms of accuracy and generalization. EfficientNetB0 achieved the best overall performance (98.51% accuracy), while MobileNetV2 stood out for its computational efficiency (5 ms per prediction). ResNet50 reached competitive accuracy (98.11%) but required higher training and inference costs. The study confirms that modern architectures enable highly accurate classification even in visually complex scenarios and provides a comparative guide for model selection based on precision and computational constraints. These findings are relevant for real-world applications of artificial intelligence in ecology, environmental monitoring, and precision agriculture.
Exploring recent technical, methodological, and organizational perspectives on green software practices
Execution of sophisticated algorithms particularly in Cloud and artificial intelligence applications has accelerated energy consumption and CO2 emissions related with energy generation. This study conducts a systematic review of recent literature regarding green software practices and their potential towards minimizing the carbon footprint in the Information and Communications Technology sector. The outcomes illustrate the increasing adoption of energy optimization techniques such as the Remote Model View Remote View Model RMVRVM paradigm efficient large language model tuning strategies and the development of metrics and methodology to quantify the application impact. However the lack of unified adoption of standards and sustainable approaches at an organizational level are observed. It is concluded that the early integration of energy efficiency and social responsibility criteria throughout the software life cycle is crucial to significantly reduce the environmental impact of the technology and that enhancing the education of practitioners is fundamental.
Obtaining Bioactive Compounds From Agro-Industrial Waste: A Review
Bioactive compounds may offer health benefits beyond their nutritional value and are incorporated or originally present in food matrices. However, components of bioactive compounds are mostly found in by-products of the agro-industrial sector, generating a large volume of agro-industrial waste along the food supply chain, and if not properly managed, can represent a threat to the environment, profitability and the proper nutritional delivery of food to consumers. Therefore, it is important to develop methods to process these agro-industrial by-products, including biological ones. These can improve the recovery of bioactive compounds, facilitating their use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Compared to non-biological processes, biological ones have more advantages, including the production of high-quality bioactive extracts, as well as the extraction of less toxic and more environmentally friendly compounds. In biological methodologies, obtaining bioactive substances through enzymes, as well as fermentation, are highlighted as key for the production of bioactive substances from various agro-industrial residues. This article seeks to describe in detail the most relevant and abundant bioactive substances in agro-industrial by-products, as well as the biological methodologies for their extraction. It also provides information to improve the use of these bioactive substances, especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Organizational transformation through the GRI standards: a strategic approach to sustainability and corporate social responsibility
Sustainability has become a fundamental pillar within the global economic dynamics, driving organizations to adopt management frameworks aligned with international standards. In this context, this research analyzes the application of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards in a higher education institution, with the purpose of evaluating its impact on organizational transformation and the consolidation of a strategic culture oriented to sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The study was developed under an exploratory qualitative approach, using the case study method. Sustainability reports and internal documents of the institution were collected and analyzed, complemented by interviews with key actors involved in the implementation of GRI standards. The theoretical reference is based on sustainable management models and current regulations on corporate social responsibility, highlighting the role of standardization in improving transparency and the environmental and social impact of organizations. The findings show that the adoption of the GRI Standards facilitates the identification of critical areas for organizational improvement, promoting strategic processes of monitoring, control and evaluation of sustainability. In addition, there is a strengthening of the organizational culture and a greater commitment of the volunteer staff involved in the reporting process. The results underline the importance of the GRI guidelines as a key tool for accountability and decision-making in educational environments, contributing to the generation of long-term social and environmental value.
Good livestock practices (BPG) in dual purpose livestock farms in the Colombian Amazon
The Caquetá Department is the fifth department with the largest bovine inventory, and milk safety is one of the key factors in the competitiveness of the dairy chain. However, BPG certification is not being adopted in the region. In this sense, the objective was to analyze the adoption of good livestock practices (GGP) in dual-purpose livestock farms in the municipality of Puerto Rico. To comply with this, we started from a baseline of the current state of the farms in terms of implementation of the GMP; interviews were applied to analyze perceptions and a checklist. Subsequently, the farms were classified according to their degree of compliance. It is evident that there is no interest in starting a certification process and a lack of knowledge of the activities that mark these practices. In addition, two types of farms are identified, one with incipient knowledge in the GPG and the other with a medium knowledge in the GPG, in the same way a compliance of 56% of the fundamental criteria, 14.8% in major criteria and 20% was found in minor criteria. These results show the need to strengthen technical support by involving all relevant actors in the chain.
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Water conservation and sustainable technologies: studies on emerging technologies and practices for sustainable development and ecosystem conservation
This review explores the research landscape surrounding water conservation and sustainable technologies, with a specific focus on emerging technologies and practices aimed at achieving sustainable development and ecosystem conservation. The study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge, identify key research themes, and highlight the most influential studies in the field. The review employs a systematic approach to identify relevant literature from various scholarly databases and publications. It analyzes a wide range of research articles, conference papers, and academic publications to extract valuable insights and trends. The findings reveal a growing interest in the development and implementation of innovative technologies and practices that promote water conservation and address the challenges associated with sustainable development and ecosystem preservation. The review identifies key areas of research, including water-efficient irrigation techniques, water recycling and reuse systems, smart water management technologies, and ecosystem-based approaches to water conservation. It highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange among scientists, engineers, policymakers, and environmentalists to effectively address the complex issues related to water scarcity and ecosystem degradation. This review serves as a foundation for future research, policy development, and decision-making processes aimed at promoting sustainable development and safeguarding ecosystems for future generations.
Environmental impact analysis of different molecular structures in Perovskite Solar Cells
This article addresses the environmental impact of materials used in perovskite solar cells, an emerging technology in the field of photovoltaics that, while highly efficient, also employs potentially harmful components. The aim is to analyze the environmental effects of different molecular structures in perovskite cells, with a focus on critical materials such as lead and its alternatives. Through an analysis of a perovskite solar cell dataset, variables such as power conversion efficiency, PCE, were selected, along with materials from the perovskite, contact, HTL, ETL, and substrate layers. The most relevant finding shows that lead, used in the perovskite layer, poses a significant environmental threat but can be replaced by tin without a considerable reduction in PCE. It is concluded that to move toward more sustainable technology, continued research into reducing the environmental impact of these materials is essential, without compromising solar cell performance.
Prediction of Landslide-Susceptible Areas Using Artificial Neural Network Mathematical Model in the Upper Pamplonita River Basin
The research focused on predicting areas susceptible to landslides in the upper Pamplonita River basin using Artificial Neural Networks (RNA). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce multicollinearity among variables, resulting in the selection of three principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) that captured 87% and 91% of the cumulative variance, respectively. The variables considered included geometric and environmental factors such as slope, curvature, drainage density, and various vegetation indices. The RNA was implemented using the Keras library of TensorFlow, configured with five hidden layers (82, 5, 125, 126, and 58 neurons) and a dropout rate of 0.32837 to prevent overfitting. Optimization algorithms like Adam and the sigmoid activation function were utilized, with a learning rate set at 0.00012. The model was trained over 500 epochs, achieving an AUC value of 0.98, indicating high precision in predicting susceptibility areas. The susceptibility evaluation showed that 50% of the study area has high or very high susceptibility to landslides, with areas classified as very high covering approximately 1173 ha and high susceptibility areas covering 716 ha. The moderate, low and very low susceptibility zones cover 15%, 16% and 19% of the area, respectively. This distribution highlights the need for specific mitigation approaches to reduce vulnerability in the most landslide-prone areas.
Applications of artificial intelligence in environmental monitoring and conservation: an exploratory review
This paper explores the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in the surveillance and preservation of water, air, and soil. The analysis examined peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2024, with a specific focus on the contribution of AI to the improvement of environmental management techniques. The selection procedure was limited down to thirty-three pertinent research, which were classified into three primary domains: Soil Quality and Management, Air Pollution and Environmental Monitoring, and AI Applications. Artificial intelligence techniques, including machine learning and deep learning, show great promise in enhancing the accuracy of predictions and optimizing the allocation of resources in several environmental fields. The primary uses of this technology are to evaluate the quality of soil, predict air pollution levels, and manage water resources. Integrating AI with conventional monitoring methods improves the accuracy and effectiveness of environmental management. Nevertheless, there are ongoing difficulties in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of data, the capacity of models to apply to different scenarios, and the successful integration of these models in various situations. Artificial intelligence demonstrates the ability to bring about significant changes in the fields of environmental monitoring and conservation. Subsequent investigations should prioritize the enlargement of datasets, the incorporation of AI with developing technologies, and the resolution of socio-economic consequences to fully connect the potential of AI in addressing intricate environmental concerns.
Letter from the Editor, Environmental Journal: Water, Air and Soil, Volume 15, No. 2, 2024
Editorial Note: It is an honor for us to address you in this edition of the Environmental Journal: Water, Air and Soil (RAAAS). At a time when environmental challenges are increasingly pressing, it is crucial to maintain an informed and proactive dialogue on the issues affecting our planet. Volume 15, Issue No. 2, 2024, of the Environmental Journal: Water, Air and Soil aims to disseminate knowledge in the environmental field, with contributions from research articles published in its three main themes: Water, Air, and Soil. Its purpose is to provide an opportunity for the exchange of knowledge and experiences related to the environment, enabling the generation of recommendations and concrete agreements through the design of action and collaboration strategies among participants. In this way, we aim to enrich Colombian scientific knowledge in the environmental sciences. Water, Air and Soil positions itself as a key reference in environmental research by addressing critical topics for sustainability and planetary care. With articles such as "Water Conservation and Sustainable Technologies: Studies on Emerging Technologies and Practices for Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Conservation," the journal demonstrates its commitment to disseminating innovative and relevant knowledge. This article, in particular, highlights the importance of integrating technological advances with sustainable practices to ensure the preservation of essential resources like water while promoting ecosystem balance. The journal thus serves as a bridge between science and action, offering a platform for discussing practical and scalable solutions that contribute to global sustainable development. Water, Air and Soil consolidates itself as an essential forum for scientific dissemination in the environmental field, distinguished by its interdisciplinary approach and commitment to generating practical knowledge. A notable example of this is the article "Prediction of Areas Susceptible to Mass Movements Using an Artificial Neural Network Mathematical Model in the Upper Basin of the Pamplonita River," which reflects the innovation and scientific rigor characteristic of the publication. This work illustrates how the use of advanced technologies, such as artificial neural networks, can transform environmental management, enabling the identification and mitigation of risks associated with mass movements in vulnerable areas. By combining data science, mathematical modeling, and environmental knowledge, the article not only provides highly accurate predictive tools but also underscores the importance of territorial planning and disaster prevention. This issue also highlights the relevance of exploring emerging technologies from an environmental perspective, as seen in studies on the environmental impact of different molecular structures in Perovskite Solar Cells. This research analyzes how the molecular characteristics of perovskite solar cells influence not only their energy efficiency but also their environmental footprint, marking a comprehensive approach toward more sustainable renewable energy development. The study emphasizes the importance of designing clean technologies that minimize ecological impact, aligning with the core principles of sustainable development. Overall, Water, Air and Soil provides a valuable platform for researchers, academics, and decision-makers interested in scientifically informed solutions for environmental conservation and sustainability. By addressing contemporary challenges with innovative approaches, the journal not only expands the boundaries of knowledge but also inspires concrete actions for the benefit of ecosystems and human communities. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to all researchers and authors whose work has made this edition possible. Their dedication to environmental scientific research is essential for finding effective solutions to the problems our society faces. Likewise, we extend our thanks to the expert reviewers whose rigorous and detailed work has ensured the quality and relevance of the articles published in this edition. Their commitment to advancing knowledge on environmental issues is fundamental to the success of our journal. We invite the scientific community to consider the knowledge published in the Environmental Journal: Water, Air and Soil as a reference for their work and hope it may be cited in future research projects. Additionally, we encourage authors interested in publishing their scientific work in the journal to contact the Editor-in-Chief via the institutional email: jarol.ramon@unipamplona.edu.co – revistambiental@unipamplona.edu.co. Sincerely, PhD. JAROL DERLEY RAMÓN VALENCIA Editor, Environmental Journal: Water, Air and Soil University of Pamplona Colombia
Environmental impacts generated by small hydropower plants (SHPs) in Colombia
This research article identified the environmental impacts generated by the construction of small hydroelectric power plants (SHPs) in the Colombian territory. For this purpose, the classification made by Colombian regulations was adopted, which distinguishes between socioeconomic, biotic and abiotic (physical) impacts. For their identification, the technique of analysis of documentary sources was used, mainly on environmental impact studies and, to a lesser extent, environmental licenses. Consequently, twenty-four (24) small hydroelectric power plants throughout the country were analyzed and eighty-six (86) environmental impacts, positive and negative, were established. Likewise, the frequency of impacts was measured, highlighting that the following impacts, with a negative connotation, reached a frequency of occurrence higher than 90% of the cases addressed: decrease in river water quality, decrease in river flow downstream of the reservoir, and decrease in vegetation cover.
Iot electronic prototype for monitoring environmental variables
For the efficient use of resources and better planning in agriculture, it is necessary to have data related to the hydroclimatic variables of the environment. This paper proposes an electronic system that uses the Internet of Things to monitor environmental variables such as: temperature, relative humidity, water temperature, atmospheric pressure and depth level of the water resource source. The prototype was developed using the three-layer architecture: the detection or sensing layer, the infrastructure or communication network layer, and the IoT service layer. To test the prototype, 65 samples were collected for each environmental variable in a real environment, obtaining: a 100 % coincidence of the measured and storage data, a transmission efficiency of 95.3 %. Concluding that it is possible to implement a low-cost and reliable IoT sensor node.
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Role of sedimentary processes in the generation of hydrocarbons in the la luna formation
The lithologies of the La Luna Formation are widely recognized in Colombia for being hydrocarbon-generating rock, its genesis is associated with anxic depositional environmental conditions that prevailed during the Barremiano to Maestrichtiano globally, formed by a wide sequence of black lutitas with a large amount of organic matter, interspersed with thin limestone strata, presenting a total thickness of up to 600 m; it is divided into three Members (Salada, Pujamana and Galembo) whose type section is located in the state of Zulia, Venezuela. Its stratigraphic and sedimentological character leads to the La Luna Formation having great potential such as generating rock and reservoir rock from unconventional deposits. This research has a methodology based on the search, collection and exhaustive examination of publications made at national and international level, related to studies carried out in the La Luna Formation, focused on its sedimentological importance and implications such as hydrocarbon-generating rock. The Moon Formation exhibits physical and chemical properties for the accumulation and generation of hydrocarbons with fully kerogen-saturated porosity by at least 10%-20%, considered to have high hydrocarbon potential in the Catatumbo basin, Middle Magdalena Valley and Cesar-Ranchería, whose cumulative volume of hydrocarbon is around 2000 Million Barrels of Petroleum (MBP) in situ , at depths ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 m, as well as in the offshore Guajira basin (still almost unexplored) which has gas reports from 92 to 3500 GPCG (Billion Cubic Feet of Gas) which are of great interest for further further studies and economic assessments to achieve their commercial development in order to improve economic conditions , social and scientific of the country.
Dimensions and categories of analysis in the training of soft skills in higher education from self-knowledge, ethical communication and productive and community environmental culture
Acceptance from self-knowledge, interaction with human inclusion and reflection that leads to co-responsibility for the care of our environment in community and work, are still pending issues in the comprehensive training process as people and professionals. However, theorists and thinkers, in order to account for the complexity of our being and behavior, have generated studies that can contribute to greater self-knowledge, communicative development and attention to our environment, work and social sphere. Pragmalinguistics as a discipline and approach, in relation to Ethical-communication and culture, is presented as a relevant field of study to address diverse situations and interactions. The heuristic and hermeneutic methodology allows us to explore and conceive dimensions and categories of analysis, the basis for specific skills related to these intentions, which explain what, how and why we should strengthen them as children. The initial results materialize in the determination of dimensions and an inventory of specific categories that serve as a reference for self-analysis, mediation in the classroom and development in daily, productive, community and cultural environmental life. Without a doubt, they are contributions that favor the formation of soft skills in higher education, so important for good overall performance and more resilient behavior
productive and community environmental culture
Prospective-sustainable management of economic-social development for san juan del Cesar – la Guajira by 2027
The economic and social prospective of the municipality of San Juan de Cesar - La Guajira reflects on the evolutionary relationships of socio-economic behaviors in the short term based on statistical information related to the demographic, economic and social characterization between 2018 and 2022 that allows designing scenarios between 2024 - 2027. The mixed research methodology developed allows validating census data thanks to collaborative dialogues via agents and social actors of the territory, combining methods based on revealing experiences through trend analysis workshops through methodologies based on the evaluation of assumptions. or hypotheses based on statistical topics in the public domain. Fundamental purpose focused on closing inequality gaps generated from inventorying significant economic activities to cataloging competitive industrial chains in the medium term and relating short-term productive vocations that increase significance of possible and desirable visions deriving future environments from emerging social phenomena. Structural result as a participatory planning tool that commits the generation of economic and social policies from behavioral assessment of employment rates and identification of indicators of ecosystem services to satisfy basic well-being or essential prosperity needs, with a vision of development for the next four years.
Fungistatic bioactivity of the artisan aqueous extract of azadirachta indica phytopathogenic fungus associated with the cultivation of soursop
Anthracnose is one of the most interesting fungal diseases. The fungistatic bioactivity of the artisanal aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica was evaluated in phytopathogenic fungi associated with the cultivation of soursop. Antifungal tests were performed under in vitro conditions, evaluating eight treatments (three artisanal preparations, two commercial fungicides in two concentrations and absolutecontrol). The observations determined the presence of Colletotrichum acutatum as a causal agent of anthracnose in fruit and leaves of soursop. The treatment of Curacarb® at 10 ppm was the one with the highest inhibition of the mycelium of the pathogen with 95.28%. The treatments where A. indica EA were used showed high percentage of inhibition, flavonoids were found in all extracts, alkaloids varied according to the dose and type of tissue selected. The use of aqueous extracts represents a promising botanical resource for the effective management of the disease.
Simulation of the power-to-gas system located at the university of la guajira using homer pro software
This article focuses on simulating a Power to Gas (PtG) system at the University of La Guajira to produce green hydrogen from renewable sources, such as solar and wind energy. The simulation is conducted using the commercial software Homer Pro, including each component of the PtG system with their specifications and data on solar radiation and wind speed from the study area, obtained from NASA. The results highlight the solar and wind systems' capacity to generate 16.105 kWh/year and 11.845 kWh/year of electrical energy, respectively. This enables the production of 192 kg/year of green hydrogen from the microplant's energy. These findings support the feasibility of using renewable sources for sustainable small-scale hydrogen production
Management tools aimed at the socioeconomic empowerment of rural women, in the province of Pamplona, North of Santander
The empowerment of rural women is a vital need for society, in various studies the invisibility of the real value of rural women who develop not only household chores but also work in the context of agriculture has been evidenced. This research aims to empower rural women from the six municipalities of the province of Pamplona (N. S.), with the proposal of training in self-assessment, development of an entrepreneurship project and basic financial education; through the use of management tools according to the detected need; the methodology was quantitative and qualitative with a descriptive documentary approach; A survey was applied to 372 rural women residing in some villages, for the sociodemographic characterization, which allowed knowing the reality for the adjustment of the contents; the second aspect, the level of use of management tools, knowledge of companies, their management, the application of finances are essential to start a business no matter how small, thirdly, the status of their current empowerment is investigated, finding that it is low due to factors such as the low educational level that has led them to perform low-paid and very exhausting work such as domestic service; however, they show desire and willingness to participate in the development and practice of the proposal. The tabulation of each municipality by item was carried out and then averaging the results, in order to have an overview of the Province. This proposal delivers as a result the contents for the training and empowerment of rural women and can be used by anyone interested in this type of action as the basis of a venture and therefore empower yourself enjoying the fruits of it. Very special for rural women and depressed communities seeking to positively impact their quality of life, due to the relevance of the training proposal.
Digital social networks as a marketing tool in the business performance of smes in Barranquilla and Valledupar
The purpose of this article is to analyze the implementation of social networks as a marketing strategy in the business development of SMEs due to their importance and relevance in the economy. The speed of economic development transforms the living conditions of a country at such a pace that companies must adapt their business style to the world around them. Every year new organizations emerge that divide the market share and increase the variety of supply in all sectors. This requires companies to remain alert to new trends in positioning and customer retention to achieve a high level of competitiveness. In this sense, social networks are a digital communication channel that brings added value to companies since there they can offer goods or services through direct communication with the consumer. Small and medium-sized Colombian companies generate more than 50% of national employment, 36% of industrial added value, 92% of the establishments are commercial and 40% to the total production of the country, which demonstrates their importance in the economic and social activity.